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EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE DE 18 6 7. A PARIS. 



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lltOt 11. HI'S III! II.:. i!,,., ,,;,li AI.F.S OH PALAIS. 



N1VERS ELLE 

DU PARC ET DU JARDIN 



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du Ch. dc Per 



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74 



STATE OF ILLINOIS 



TJIIYEESAL EXPOSITION OF 1867, 



PARIS, FRANCE 



EEPORT OF JOHN P. REYNOLDS, 

DELEGATE FROM THE ILLINOIS STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, AND COM- 
MISSIONER FOR THE STATE. 





SPKISTGFIELD : 

STATE JOURNAL PRINTING OFFICE. 

1868. 



at m 



ILLINOIS STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



OFFICERS FOR 1865 AND 1866. 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

A. B. MoCONNELL, Peesident... Springfield. 

WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS, Ex-Peesident Dixon. 

JOHN WENT WORTH, Vioe-Peesident, for the State at large Chicago. 

GEORGE W. GAGE, Vioe-Peesident 1st Disteiot Chicago. 

R.P.LANE, " 2d " Rockford. 

CHAS. H. ROSENSTIEL, »« 3d " Freeport. 

GRAHAM LEE, " 4th « Hamlet. 

WILLIAM A. PENNELL, " 5th " Granville. 

O.B.GALUSHA, " 6th " Lisbon. 

J. H. PICKRELL, " 7th " Havristown. 

G. W. MINIER, " 8th •' Mackinaw. 

JOHNLASBURY, " 9th " Griggdville. 

D.D. SHUMWAY, " 10th " Taylorville. 

A. J. PEARCY, " 11th " Centralia. 

S. B. CHANDLER, " 12th " Belleville. 

H. S. OZBURN, " 13th " Pinckneyville. 

BOARD OE COUNSELORS. 

JAMES N. BROWN, 1st Ex-Pbesident Berlin. 

H.C.JOHNS, 2d " Decatur. 

C.W.WEBSTER, 3d " Salem. 

LEWIS ELLSWORTH, 4th " Naperville. 

JOHN W. BUNN, Teeasueee Springfield. 

JOHN P. REYNOLDS, Coeeesponding and Reoobding Seoeetaey Springfield. 



OFFICERS FOR 1867-8, 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

A. B. MoCONNELL, Peesident ,....; Springfield, Sangamon County. 

W. H. VAN EPPS, Ex-Pbesident '.?<*.* Dixon, Lee County. 

VIOE-PBESIDEN^S iOE DIBTEIOTS I 

7— WILLIAM KILE Paris. 

8— DAVID A. BROWN Bates. 

9— JOHN H. SPEARS Tallula, 

10— D. D . SHUM W AY Tayl orvil 1 e, 

11— URIAL MILLS Salem. 

12— D. B. GILLHAM Alton. 

13— H. S . OZBURN Pinckneyville. 

JOHN W. BUNN, Teeasueee Springfield. 

JOHN P.REYNOLDS, Seoeetaey Springfield. 



At Large— H. D. EMERY Chicago. 

1— GEO. W. GAGE Chicago. 

2— MOSES DEAN Sycamore. 

3— C. H. ROSENTIEL Freeport. 

4— GRAHAM LEE Hamlet. 

5— E. H. CLAPP Rome Farms. 

6.— O. B. GALUSHA Lisbon. 




PALACE AND PARK— EXPLANATION OF THE MAP. 







NATIONS EXHIBITING. 


A. 


France. 


I. 


Portugal. 


B. 


The Low Countries. 


J. 


Greece. 


C. 


Belgium. 


K. 


Denmark. 


D. 


Prussia and the North 


L. 


Sweden and Norway. 




German States. 


M. 


Russia. 


E. 


Hesse, Baden, Wurtem- 


N. 


Italy. 




burg and Bavaria. 


0. 


Pontifical States. 


F. 


Austria. 


P. 


Roumanian (Danubian) 


G. 


Switzerland. 




Principalities. 


H. 


Spain. 


Q. 


Turkey. 



B. Egypt. 

S. China, Japan and Siam. 

T. Persia. 

W. Tunis and Morocco. 

Y. United States, N. A. 

X. Brazil, American Re- 
publics and Hawaii. 

Y. Great Britain and Ire- 
land and Colonies. 



PALACE. 

Starting from the Central Pavilion in the Jardin Central (Central Garden) are 
encountered successively: 

Gallery I. Oeuvres d' Art — Works of Art. 

Gallery II. Materiel des Arts Liberaux — Material of the Liberal Arts. 

Gallery III. Mobilier — Furniture. 

Gallery IY. Vetement — Clothing. 

Gallery Y. Matieres Premieres — Raw Materials, Minerals, etc. 

Gallery YI. Travaux des Arts usuels — Operations of the common arts. 

Gallery VII. Aliments et Boissons — Foods and Drinks. 
l^irTke Galleries refer to and correspond in number with the Groups ; the Roman 
numerals (in the Palace) to the regular classes. See classification pp. 25 to — 



1. 

2. 

3 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13 
14. 
15. 
16. 

IT. 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21 
22. 
23. 
24. 

25. 
26 

27. 
28. 



PARK. 

On the right next to 

France. 29 

Equestrian Statue of Charlemagne. 30. 

Chalet of the Imperial Commission. 31. 

Portable Engine. 32. 

Steam Generators. 33. 

Model of Marley's Machine. 34. 

Apparatus for heating. 35. 

Photoraetrical apparatus. 36 

Machines for paper. 37. 
Civil Engineering and Public "Works. 38. 

Railway Material. 39. 

Bakery. 40. 

Machine tools. 41. 

General Mechanics. 42, 

Products of Mines and Metallurgy. 43. 

Processes of heating ana lighting. 44. 
Exposition of the Creusot. (M. Schnei- 45. 

der & Co.) 46. 

Steam Bakery, civil and military. 47. 

Exhibition of the Minister of War. 48. 

International Benevolent Society. 49. 

Workshops of Photography. 50. 

Porcelains and ceramic products. 51. 

Pumps. 52. 

Light house. 53. 
Church and exhibition of 

art. 
Beton agglomere 
Gasometer. 

Cabinets of Metallurgy. 
Monumental fountains. 



religious 54. 
55. 
Artificial stone. 56. 

57. 
58. 
59. 



the Seine. 
Smoke consumers. 
Manufacture of Stearine. 
Society for the protection of animals. 
Wind-mills. 

Workshop of Photos culpture. 
Imperial Pavilion. 
Exhibition of glass windows. 
Model of an Infant Asylum. 
Tools for the fabrication of furniture. 
Cabinet of electro-metallurgy. 
House for female laborers. 
Steam generators. 
House of cheap constrnction. 
Workmen's Lodging house. 
Exhibition of timber in logs. 
Water-works. 
Chime of bells. 
Photics. 

Model of cottage. 
Dwelling for Paris workmen. 
Typographical presses. 
Steam generators. 
Exhibition of Millstones, 
Refrigerators. 
Silks and cassimeres. 
Chocolate manufacture. 
Machine for working leather. 
Machine to scour wool. 
Glass works. 
Laundry. 
Portable engine and telodynamic cable 



IV 



60. Enamelled pottery. 

61. Plating bv galvanism, 
tic.) 

62. Electric light house. 



63. Roof of Chateau of Pierrefonds. 
(Galvano plas- 64. Dome of hammered copper. 
65. Calvary. 



MARITIME EXPOSITION, 



66 
67. 
03. 
69. 
■70. 
71. 
72. 
73. 
74. 

75. 
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 
30. 
81. 
82. 

73. 
84. 



85. 
86. 

87. 
88. 



91. 
92. 



94. 



On the banks 

Human Aquarium. 

Pleasure boats. 

Harbor light. 

Signal mast. 

Marine machines. 

Marine machines, Great Britain. 

Pumps. 

Exhibition of ships' boats. 

Restaurants. 
Great Britain and Ireland. 

Apparatus for heating and lighting. 

Light house. 

Munitions of war — Private exhibitors. 

Minister of war. 

Hospital barracks. 

Steam generators. 

Perfume manufactory 

Annex for Agricultural Machinery. 
United States. 

American Cottage. 

Common-school house, furthest from 
the Palace and the "Red, White and 
Blue" nearest. 

Not used. 

Louisiana cottage. 

Boston bakery. 

Annex for sewing machines, locomo- 
tives, etc.. etc. 

Evangelical Missions. 

Pavilion of the Bible Society. 

Exhibition Hall. 

Evangelical Hall. 

Bibles and Hebrew antiquities. 

Sale of. popular publications. 

Mexico. 

Temple of Xochicalco. 

Morocco. 

Pavilion. 



of the Seine. 

Danubian Principalities. 

96. Exhibition pavilion. 
Isthmus of Suez. 

97. Exhibition of the canal works. 
Turkey . 

98. Mosques. 

99. Baths. 

100. Fountains. 

101. House of Libania. 
Egypt. 

102. Temple of Edfou. 

103. Okel ; Egyptian Cafe. 

104. Salamlick, Palace of the Vice-Roy. 

105. Stables for dromedaries. 
Siam. 

106. Exhibition pavilion. 
China. 

107. Sale of Tea and Theatre. 
Japan. 

108. Pavilion. 
Tunis. 

109. Pavilion of the Bey of Tunis. 
Italy. 

110. Portable engine. 

111. Concert hall. 

112. Agricultural products. * 

113. Bureau; Hand-work. 

114. Catacombs of Rome. 

115. Steam generators. 
Divers structures. 

116. Conference hall. 

117. Concert hall. 

118. Police station. 

119. Vestiary. 

120. Booth for sale of tobacco. 

121. Wheeled chairs. 



PARK, 



Left side nearest 
France. 

122. Statue of Don Pedro I. 

123. Exhibition of water filters. 

124. Steam generators. 

125 Annex for carriage work. 

126. Exhibition of window blinds. 

127. Farm house. (Dep't Seine et Marne. 

128. Poultry yard. 

129. Mushroom beds. 

130. Grand restaurant. 

131. Articles for Encampment. 

132. Wine-tasters' booth. 

133. Bathing — apparatus for. 



to l'Ecole Militaire. 

134. Cooperage. 

135. Specimens of the Roquefort cheese 
cellars. 

136. Aviary and garden furniture. 

137. Colt-shed, poultry-house, and other 
farm structures. (Marquis d'Havrin- 

) court.) 

138. Agricultural Society of the Depart- 
ment of the North. 

139. Shed for local cultures. 

140. Bureau and store-house for contrac- 

tors. 

141. Agricultural machinery, Algeria. 



142. Material for rural operations. 

143. Agricultural machinery. 

144. Dairies. 

Hicssia. 

145. Bureau. 

146. Russian house, (Isbah.) 

147. Pavilion, (Yourta.) 

148. Carriage and saddler's work. 

149. Stables. 
Switzerland, 

150. Annex for bureau and fine arts. 

151. Annex for agricultural machines. 
Portugal. 

152. Exhibition pavilion. 



174. Bureau. 

175. School house. 

176. Equestrian statue of the King of 

Prussia. 
Bavaria. 

177. Annex for fine Arts. 
Belgium. 

178. Annex for machinery. 

179. Annex for fine arts. 

180. Laborers' houses. 
Farm house. ■ 
Annex for machines. 
Steam generators. 

Equestrian statue of Charlemagne. 
Equestrian statue of King Leopold I. 



181. 
182. 
183. 
184. 
185. 



153. Annex. 

154. Booth for sale of drinks. 
Austria. 

155. Annex for agricultural machinery. 

156. Timber from the government forests. 

157. Exhibition of pottery. 

158. Large brewery. (Vienna Lager.) 

159. House of Lower Austria. 

160. House of Upper Austria. 

161. Bakery. 

162. Hungarian house. 

163. Tyrolean house. 
Norway. 

164. Cottage. 

165. Dwelling house. 
Denmark, 

166. House. 
Sweden. 

167. House of Gustave Wasa and exhi- 

bition. 

168. Steam generators. 
Wurtemberg. 

169. Annex for machinery, 
Hesse. 

170. Exhibition of masonry in cement. 
Prussia and the North German States. 

171. School-house, (Saxony.) 

172. Agricultural machines. 

173. Garden pavilion. 



The Low Countries. 

186. Shop for cutting diamonds. 

187. Small farm. 

188. Tent of the King. Artillery. 

189. Annex for fine arts. 

190. Paintings on Porcelains. 

191. Steam generators. 

Divers Constructions. 

192. Administration and Juries of the Ex- 

position. 

193. Post and Telegraph office. 

194. Concert hall. 

195. Custom house. 

196. Police and water stations. 

197. Vestiaries. 

198. Booths for sale of tobacco. 

199. Chairs on wheels. 
Garden. 

200. Pavilion of her Majesty the Empress. 

201. Monumental green-house and tent. 

202. Maritime aquarium. 

203. Aquarium of fresh water. 

204. Green-houses. 

205. Kiosques. 

206. Botanical diorama. 

207. Fruits and vegetables on exhibition. 

208. Exhibition of tree culture. 

209. Humming-bird palace. 

210. Orchestra. 

211. Restaurant. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



Commercial relations among the several nations of the earth are daily becoming 
more intimate and assuming greater importance. Moneys, weights and measures 
form the machinery of this vast intercourse. The necessity for the adoption of uni- 
form common standards seems to be admitted by all eminent publicists of all 
countries, and the tendency of liberal opinion is to conform to those established by 
France and now in actual use by larger commercial populations than any other. 
In 1864 the Parliament of Great Britain passed an act permitting the use of the 
Metric System as to weights and measures in Great Britain and Ireland, By treaty 



VI 

in 1865, France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland agreed upon the French Metric 
System as the basis of all subsequent coinage of money. In 1866 the Congress of 
the United States passed an act permitting the use of the Metric System as to 
weights and measures, according to values in the following table, so that all con- 
tracts, in which quantities are expressed by terms employed in that system, are valid 
for the corresponding quantities expressed by the terms in common use : 



MEASURES OP LENGTH. 



METEIO DENOMINATIONS AND V AMIES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 


Myriameter 10,000 metres. 

Kilometer 1,000 metres. 

Hectometer 100 metres. 

Decometer 10 metres. 

Meter 1 metre. 

Decimeter 0.1 of a metre. 

Centimeter 0.01 of a metre. 

Millimeter 0.001 of a metre. 


6.2137 miles. 

0.62137 miles, or 3,280 feet and 10 inches. 
328 feet and 1 inch. 
393.7 inches. 
39 . 37 inches. 

3.937 inches. 

0.3987 inches. 

0.0394 inches. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



METEIO DENOMINATIONS IN VALUE. 



Hectare. 10,000 square metres. 

Are 100 square metres. 

Centare 1 square met re. 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



2.471 acres. 
119.6 square yards. 
1550 square inches. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



METEIO DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 


Names. 


No. of 

Liters. 


Cubic Measure. 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure 


Kiloliter, or 


1.000 

100 

10 

1 

0.1 

0.01 
0.001 


1 cubic meter 

1.10 of a cubic meter. 
10 cubic decimeters. . . 

1 cubic decimete- 

1.10 of a cubic deci- 
meter 

10 cubic centimeters . . 

1 cubic centimeter. . . 


1.308 cubic yards 

2 bush, and 3.35 pecks. . 
9.08 quarts 


204.19 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2,6417 gallons. 
1,0567 quarts. 
0.345 gills. 

0.338 fluid ounces. 
0.27 fluid drams. 


Hectoliter 




0.90S quarts 


Deciliter 

Centiliter 

Milliliter 


0.1022 cubic inches 

0.6102 cubic inches 

0.061 cubic inches 



WEIGHTS. 



METEIO DENOMINATION AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS 

IN DENOMINATIONS 

IN USE. 


Names. 


Number 

of 
Grams. 


Weight of what quantity of water 

at 

maximum density. 


Avoirdupois 
Weight. 


Millier or Tonneau 


1,000,000 
100.000 

io;ooo 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

0.1 
0.01 
0.001 


1 cubic meter 


2204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 
22.040 pounds. 
2.2046 pounds. 








10 liters 


Kilogram or Kilo 


1 liter 










Grim 


1 cubic centimeter 


15.432 grains. 














0.0154 grains. 







VII 

The French meter is the unit of length, and is the ten-millionth part of a quarter 
of a terrestrial meridian, as determined by the highest authority. 

The are is the unit of land measure, and equal to 100 square meters. 

The liter is the unit of liquid measure, and is equal to a cubic decimeter of dis- 
tilled water at the temperature of 4 degrees centigrade, (39 degrees 2 minutes 
Fahrenheit). 

The gramme is the unit of weight, and is equal to the weight of a cubic centi-' 
meter of distilled water. 

The higher denominations are expressed in each case by the addition of the 
Greek prefixes, thus : 

DECA-meter = 10 meters. 

HECTO-liter = 100 liters. 

KiLO-gramme = 1,000 grammes. 

MrRiA-meter = 10,000 meters. 

The sub-multiples are expressed by the Latin prefixes, thus : 

DECi-meter = 0.1 of 'a meter. 

CENTi-meter = 0.01 of a meter. 

MiLLi-meter = 0.001 of a meter. 

In Land Measure, however, an exception occurs : The Are equals 100 square me- 
ters; the Hectare, its multiple equals 100 ares, or 10,000 square meters ; the Centiare, 
sub-multiple of the Are, equals one square meter ; also, in the measurement of cord- 
wood, a stere equals a cubic meter ; its multiple decastere equals ten steres ; and its 
sub-mult ; ple decistere equals one-tenth of a stere. 

The squ are meter applies only to^oM) measure, and the cubic meter only to 
"^uperficiaj^measure. Cr - 



Monet. — By the French coinage the unit of money is a franc, which equals the 

weight of five grammes, composed of 835 parts silver and 135 parts alloy, and 

equals, also, 18 cents 6 mills. The sub-multiple is centime, equal to the 0.01 of a 
franc. The following table gives the United States coinage and the French equiva- 
lents : 

United States. French. 

Nickel. Fr. O. 

HalfCant 0.02 

Cent 0.05 

Three Cents 0.15 

Silver. 

Half Dime— 5 cents 0.25 

Dime — 10 cents 0.53 

Quarter Dollar — 25 cents 1 . 35 

Half Dollar— 50 cents 2.65 

Dollar— .100 cents 5.30 

Gold. 

Dollar— 100 cents 5 15 

Quarter Eagle— 2£ dollars 12.90 

Half Eagle— 5 dollars 25 . 80 

Eagle— 10 dollars 51.65 

Double Eagle— 20 dollars 103.30 

Fifty Dollars 258.90 



VIII 

The result of the International Monetary Conference, held during the Expo- 
sition, at which the United States was represented by Mr. S. B. Ruggles, of New 
York, are briefly stated in the report of Mr. R. as follows: 

1. A single standard, exclusively of gold. 

2. Coins of equal weight and diameter. 

3. Of equal quality, (or litre,) nine-tenths fine. 

4. The weight of the present five-franc gold piece, 1612.90 milligrams, to be the 
unit, with its multiples. [The weight of the present gold dollar of the United 
States is 1 671 . 50 milligrams. The value of the excess over the five-franc gold piece 
(58.60 milligrams) slightly exceeds 3| cents.] To encourage the reduction of the 
United States half-eagle and of the British sovereign to the value and weight of 25 
francs, the Conference unanimously recommended the issue of a new coin of that 
weight and value by France and the other gold-coining nations. The reduction in 
value of the half-eagle would slightly exceed 17£ cents ; in the sovereign 4 cents. 

5. The coins of each nation to continue to bear the names and emblems preferred 
by each, but to be legal tenders, public and private, in all. 



THERMOMETRY SCALES. 
The constant use abroad of the Centigrade and Reamur thermometric scales, 
while the Fahrenheit is She only one in common use here, I found a frequent source 
of embarrassment and therefore insert the following table of the three scales: 



c. 


R. 


F. 


C. 


R. 


F. 


C. 


R. 


F. 


C. R. 


F. 


100 


80.0 


212.0 


69 


55.2 


156.2 


38 


30.4 


100.4 


7 5.6 


44.6 


99 


79.2 


210.2 


68 


54.4 


154.4 


37 


29.6 


98.6 


6 4.8 


42.8 


98 


78.4 


208 4 


67 


53.6 


152.6 


36 


28.8 


96.8 


5 4.0 


41.0 


97 


77.6 


206.6 


66 


52.8 


150.8 


35 


28.0 


95.0 


4 3.2 


39.2 


96 


76.8 


204.8 


65 


52.0 


149.0 


34 


27.2 


93.2 


3 2.4 


37.4 


95 


76.0 


203 


64 


51.2 


147.2 


33 


26.4 


91.4 


2 1.6 


35.6 


94 


75.2 


201.2 


63 


50.4 


145.4 


32 


25.6 


89.6 


1 0.8 


33.8 


93 


74.4 


199.4 


62 


49.6 


143.6 


31 


24.8 


87.8 


0.0 


32.0 


92 


73.6 


197.6 


61 


48.8 


141.8 


30 


24.0 


86.0 


— 1— 0.8 


30.2 


91 


72.8 


195.8 


60 


48.0 


140.0 


29 


23.2 


84.2 


— 2— 1.6 


28.4 


90 


72.0 


194.0 


59 


47.2 


138.2 


28 


22.4 


82.4 


— 3— 2.4 


26.6 


89 


71.2 


192.2 


58 


46.4 


136.4 


27 


21.6 


80.6 


— 4— 32 


24.8 


88 


70.4 


190.4 


57 


45.6 


134.6 


26 


20.8 


78.8 


— 5— 4.0 


23.0 


87 


69.6 


188.6 


56 


44.8 


132 8 


25 


20.0 


77.0 


— 6— 4.8 


21 2 


86 


68.8 


186.8 


55 


44.0 


131.0 


24 


19.2 


75.2 


— 7— 5.6 


19.4 


85 


68.0 


185.0 


54 


43 2 


129.2 


23 


18.4 


73.4 


— 8—6.4 


17.6 


84 


67.2 


183.2 


53 


42.4 


127.4 


22 


17.6 


71.6 


— 9— 7.2 


15.8 


82 


66.4 


181.4 


52 


41.6 


125.6 


21 


16.8 


69.8 


—10— 8.0 


14.0 


82 


65.6 


179.6 


51 


40.8 


123.8 


20 


16.0 


68.0 


—11— 8.8 


12.2 


81 


64.8 


177.8 


50 


40.0 


122.0 


19 


15.2 


66.2 


—12— 9.6 


10.4 


80 


64.0 


176.0 


49 


39.2 


120.2 


18 


14.4 


64.4 


—13—10.4 


8.6 


79 


63.2 


174.2 


48 


38.4 


118.4 


17 


13.6 


62.6 


—14—11.2 


6 8 


78 


62.4 


172.4 


47 


37.6 


116.6 


16 


12.8 


60.8 


—15—12.0 


5.0 


77 


61.6 


170.6 


46 


36.8 


114.8 


15 


12 


59.0 


—16—12.8 


3.2 


76 


60.8 


168.8 


45 


36.0 


113.0 


14 


11.2 


57.2 


—17—13.6 


1.4 


75 


60.0 


167.0 


44 


35.2 


111.2 


13 


10.4 


55.4 


—18—14.4 


0.4 


74 


59.2 


165.2 


43 


34.4 


109.4 


12 


9.6 


53.6 


—19—15.2- 


- 2 2 


73 


58.4 


163.4 


42 


33.6 


107.6 


11 


8.8 


51.8 


—20—16.0- 


- 4.0 


72 


57.6 


161.6 


41 


32.8 


105.8 


10 


8.0 


50.0 


—21—16.8- 


- 5.8 


71 


56.8 


159.8 


40 


32.0 


104.0 


9 


7.2 


48.2 


—22—17.6- 


- 7.6 


70 


56.0 


158.0 


39 


31.2 


102.2 


8 


6.4 


46.4 


—23—18.4- 


- 9.4 



REPORT 



To the Executive Board 

of the Illinois State Agricultural Society : 

Gentlemen : On the 14th day of February, 18tf 6, yon appointed 
me your delegate to attend and report upon the Universal Expo- 
sition to be held in Paris, France, during the year 1867. At the 
same time, by resolution, you requested the Governor of this 
State to appoint and commission me as the representative of the 
State on the same occasion ; to which request, when communicated 
to him by your President, Governor Oglesby responded by issuing 
the commission desired, accompanied by a letter of instructions. 
Believing my duties in the two positions would not be inconsistent 
with each other, I accepted both, thus tendered, with grateful 
acknowledgments, which I now beg to renew in the first paragraph 
of this report. 

The obligations thus assumed have been discharged to the best 
of my humble ability, except that it still remains to me to com- 
municate the results to you and to the General Assembly. 

The letter of instructions referred to above contemplated an 
exhibition, by the State itself, of at least such a series of the fos- 
sils and useful minerals of Illinois as should sufficiently illustrate 
the stratigraphical and economic geology of the State, already col- 
lected in duplicate by the State Geologist. It was soon, however, 
determined to enlarge the scope of this exhibit, and, to invite 
contributions from patriotic citizens interested in every depart- 
ment of Natural History, as well as of Agriculture and Industry. 
Accordingly, as early as the 1st of April, .1866, copies of the fol- 
lowing Circular were distributed throughout the State: 



ILLINOIS AND THE FKENCH UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION. 

With the approval of His Excellency, Governor Oglesby, and the Executive Board of the State 
Agricultural Society, it has been determined to present at the Exhibition of the Industry of All 
Nations, to be held in Paris, France, in 1867, the best obtainable collection of facts and specimens 
illustrating the natural resources and elements of mineral, agricultural, commercial and manu- 
facturing wealth and prosperity abounding in this State, with a view to placing within easy reach 
of the better classes of Europeans, and in the best possible form, some of the evidences of the 
superior advantages offered by the State of Illinois as a place of residence, to those who contem- 
plate becoming citizens of this Republic. Other States have wisely established " Bureaus of 
Emigration,'" and their Commissioners will be present and active during the Universal Exposi- 
tion ; but it is believed there is no way in which the minds of those in Europe who are interested 
in the question of emigration to America can be more favorably impressed than by means of 
just such an Exhibition as the one now proposed, and for which the necessary space in the pal- 
ace has already been secured. 

It is earnestly hoped that private exhibitors, competing for the prizes to be awarded, will fairly 
and creditably represent the artistic and inventive skill, as well as the manufacturing enterprise, 
of our citizons ; and it is, therefore, intended to make up the collection on behalf of the State, 
chiefly of the following : 

Lot 1. A complete suite, correctly classified and labeled, of the minerals and fossils in pos- 
session of the Geological Survey, comprising specimens from every formation and from nearly 
every county in the State. 

Lot 2. Distinct from the foregoing, a full series of samples of all the useful minerals* 

CHOICE BUILDING STONE and POTTEES' CLAYS. 

Lot 3. A collection illustrating the botany of the State, and including samples of all the 
indigenous woods and their fruits. 

Lot 4. Samples of choice varieties of Indian corn, fall and spring wheats, pasture and 
meadow grasses, hemp in the stalk and fibre, flax in the stalk and fibre, cotton, wool, tobacco, 

NATIVE WINES and SUGAR. 

Accompanying the collection there will be the best maps extant, showing the distribution of 
mineral wealth, the railroad system, (complete and projected,) water communications, 
tables of statistics, estimates of water power, of mineral resources, etc., etc. Also, copies 
of Reports of the State Geologist, of tbe State Agricultural Society, State Horticultural 
Society, Chicago Board of Trade, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and of the Adju- 
tant General. There will also be added, if obtainable, a well-bound copy of every Daily, 
Weekly, Monthly and Quarterly Publication issued in this State, and covering a period not 
exceeding one year preceding the 1st of November next ; all of which books, maps and papers 
will be accessible to parties wishing to consult them during the continuance of the Exposition, 
and at the close exchanged for European publications of value for the State Library. Will 
publishers in the State advise the undersigned as to whether they will furnish Ihe desired copies 
of their papers, delivering them at the office of the Prairie Farmer, Chicago, before the 1st 
November? 

TO OFFICERS OF RAILROAD AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. 
The entire collection included in lots 1, 2, 3 and 4 will be brought together at the State Fair, to 
be held in Chicago, commencing September 24th, preparatory to arranging, packing and shipping 
it to New York, where it must arrive by December 1st. Many of the packages will be small and 
light— some of them, perhaps, more bulky, and weighing 200 pounds each. Will you transport 
articles designed for tbis collection, and addressed to the undersigned at the Fair Grounds, Chi- 
cago, free of charge, and not, as in other cases, require prepayment of freight? The Illinois 
Central Railroad Company has already consented to do so. 

Will you send me, addressed to Springfield, a copy of sectional diagram of your road, showing 
the grades, and such otber facts and figures bearing upon the topography of the country over 
which it passes, as may be in your possession? Please reply at your early convenience. 

TO PROPRIETORS OF QUARRIES. 

You are particularly desired to have specimens prepared of each variety of building stone, 
eight inches square and two inches thick, polishing one side where it will receive a polish, label- 
ing each with the name of the proprietor and location of the quarry. Pack them carefully in a 



suitable box, fasten the top on with screws, and ship them to the undersigned, State Fair Grounds, 
Chicago, from 15th to 20th September next. 

Proprietors of coal mines are requested to select samples of their coal, in the form of a cube, 
eight inches square, (two from each mine,) label, pack, and ship as above. It is desirable to 
have at least one specimen from every mine in the State. The localities will be piainly marked 
on accompanying maps. 

TO FARMERS. 

Those having choice samples of corn are earnestly solicited to select ten ears of each variety, 
wrap them well in soft, dry paper, separately, put each variety in a wrapper by itself, labeled 
with the name of the variety, and the name and address of the producer; pack the whole in a 
box firmly, and ship as above. 

Those having very superior fall or spring wheat are requested to send samples in quantities of 
one quart each, in sacks labeled with name of variety, and name and address of producer; box 
and ship as above. 

The remainder enumerated in Lot 4 will be obtained in some other manner. 

As has been stated, the entire collection, except the printed matter, maps, etc., etc., will be on 
exhibition at the State Fair, and we trust will form an interesting feature of that Exhibition, so 
that the remaining two months may be employed in supplying deficiencies, and making desirable 
additions, before shipping it finally to Paris. 

Every intelligent citizen of the State should feel himself personally called upon to do whatever 
he may to render this collection as complete and attractive as it is possible to make it; and any 
information, suggestion or contribution to that end will be gratefully received and promptly 
acknowledged. 

JOHN P. REYNOLDS, 
CotrCr for III., and Del. State Ag. Soc. to French Expos'n, 1867. 

Spbingfield, April 5, 1866. 

P. S. Application for space for those wishing to exhibit on their own account should be made 
at once by letter addressed to J. C. Derby, Esq., Agent French Exposition, No. 5 Spruce street, 
New York. 

The Exposition will be opened April 1, and closed October 31, 1867. Articles intended for 
exhibition must be entered now, but should not be shipped to New York before 1st December 
next. 

A competent person will place the State Collection on exhibition in Paris at the proper time. 

The response was all that could have been reasonably expected. 
Free transportation for all articles designed to become part of the 
State Collection for the Universal Exposition was accorded by all 
the railway and express companies of the State, while the Illinois 
Central Company, in addition, paid the salary and expenses, to 
the amount of about $500, of a special agent to make collections; 
furnished him passes over their lines, as did also the other railroad 
companies, for that purpose; provided storage room in their 
Land Department Building at Chicago; instructed their station 
agents to aid in making the collections, especially of agricultural 
products ; and exhibited on all occasions, and in every practicable 
manner, a lively interest in the enterprise. 

The State Geologist, Prof. Worthen, prepared a valuable suite 
of fossils and minerals from the State Cabinet, and another of 
fossils from his private collection. Chiefly through the efforts of 
the special agent, who was furnished a list of localities, the geo- 
logical collection was supplemented with good samples of coal 



from most of the worked mines, building stone from the principal 
quarries of the State, as also the clays, earths and sand used in 
manufacture. The Chicago Academy of Sciences contributed a 
collection of Illinois game birds ; private citizens and State officers 
added samples of agricultural products, useful minerals, agricul- 
tural implements, manufactured articles, preserved meats, wines, 
flour, books, maps, photographs, copies of daily, weekly and 
monthly papers, Eeports of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, State Geologist, Auditor, and Treasurer, and of the State 
Agricultural Society — forming the chief part of the original State 
Collection proper. Other articles — among them the important 
exhibits of the American Cottage, the "Western School House, 
and Diagram of the Chicago Tunnel, due almost entirely to the 
patriotic and well-directed personal efforts of Col. Jas. PI. Bowen, 
one of the United States Commissioners, residing in Chicago — 
were subsequently added. 

While this collection was sadly defective in some particulars, 
wanting a 1 most entirely in the crowning and peculiar glory of our 
prairie agricultural industry- — labor-saving farm implements — it 
was nevertheless respectable, and by reason of the unfortunate 
failure of our sister States to do as well, either of which might 
have readily excelled it, it assumed from the first, and maintained 
throughout the Exposition, the first rank as a State Exhibition 
from the United States. The suitable provision made by the 
General Assembly, and the wide discretion given me by the 
Governor, enabled me to make the most of the situation, and to 
reap for the State the legitimate reward of diligence, without 
unfairness or illiberality toward other States or their representa- 
tives. In this connection, it may be pardonable to quote the 
following paragraphs from a report* recently made to the Indiana 
State Board of Agriculture by Joseph Poole, Esq., a member of 
that Board, summing up his views and opinions derived from a 
month's observation at the Exposition. The compliment he has 
been pleased to pay to our State Collection is stated, as will be 
seen, in strong terms ; but it comes from a gentleman of acknow- 
ledged ability and practical common sense, not a resident of this 
State, and who made his stay in Paris as part of an extended 
tour of observation devoted to the study of European agriculture 

•See Transactions Indiana State Board of Agriculture, 186T. 



and industry ; and withal willing to believe it not wholly unmer- 
ited, I venture to reproduce here a part of his remarks on this 
subject : 

" The Illinois corn, wheat and other grains, her minerals, her hams, salted meats, reapers and 
mowers, plows, farm wagons, and numerous other products, and especially her Illinois farm and 
Western school houses, were all viewed wit*i wonder and admiration by the inbabitf nts of the 
whole civilized world. Illinois and her productions will long he remembered by the inhabitants 
of all foreign countries ; and when auy of those inhabitants may determine to emigrate— to leave 
their own country, and find an asylum and pleasant home in the United States — if they have 
visited the Paris World's Exposition, when determining what State shall be their future home, 
and, reflecting upon the representation of each State and her products, will remember the dis- 
play of Illinois with pleasing emotions: and tho£e reflections will often determine their course, 
and that of their friends and associates. The expenditure of seven thousand dollars by Illinois 
is worth more than fifty thousand dollars to her; and I have no doubt that emigration aloLe will 
more than bring that amount into her bordeis in the next eighteen months, aside from the great 
value of settling her vast territory. She, to-day, in the eyes of the world, scai cely stands second 
to any State in the Union; and her minerals, grain, mowers and reapers, farm wagons, school 
and farm house homes, and other productions, will long be remembered by all civilized nations." 

Until within a few years past, this great agricultural district, 
which we call incorrectly the "North-West" — it being really far 
east of the middle of United States territory — was a terra incog- 
nita to the great majority of even intelligent Europeans ; more 
entirely so, perhaps, than is now Eastern Russia to intelligent 
Americans. True, our chief sea-board marts were known ; but 
in the minds of many, New York stood for America, and the 
great valley of the Mississippi River and tributaries, with its 
immense capabilities for the maintenance of hundreds of millions 
of people in a condition of comfort and even luxury, as compared 
with the over-crowded districts of old Europe, entered even into 
the dreams of but few. Later, the stream of immigration pouring 
in upon us, quickened in some degree by the well-directed efforts 
of State Commissions of Emigration established in Europe by 
some of the new States and by our Federal agents and ministers 
abroad, has reacted upon communities in the fatherland, through 
correspondence, and the return visits of native Europeans, so that 
a more general intelligence in regard to the United States begins 
to manifest itself among the masses. The leading, controlling 
idea in sending our collection was, as stated briefly in the original 
circular, to furnish such information in regard to the State of Illi- 
nois as would fairly present and demonstrate the attractions of 
this part of the Republic to the thoughtful, intelligent foreigner, 
and especially to the skilled laborer, in search of a country in 
which he might reasonably hope to better his condition. It 
afforded me, time and again, during five months' almost daily 



6 

attendance on the Exposition, in the American Section, the 
greatest satisfaction to witness the eagerness with which this 
information was sought, and the gratification with which our 
samples of cereals and other agricultural products, and of our 
mineral wealth, were examined. The exhibit we did make, 
meager though we know it to have been, in comparison with 
what we of Illinois or the citizens of any other North-Western 
State might have done, was seemingly accepted by foreigners as 
a confirmation of all they had heard in eulogy of our natural 
resources, far more full and complete than the recent emergence 
of this country from a civil war of .unparalleled proportions war- 
ranted them in expecting. I therefore most sincerely believe 
that Mr. Poole's estimate of the effect of the impression made on 
the minds of visitors, and of the resulting benefit to the State in 
the early addition of money wealth and desirable citizenship from 
the Old World, is not in the least exaggerated. 

I shall have occasion, in a subsequent page of this report, to 
refer to the leading articles of the collection again, to enumerate 
the awards of the juries to them, respectively, and will not antici- 
pate further now than to say that everything went forward in 
good time, and reached Paris before the opening of the Exposi- 
tion, except the buildings, which were delayed at Havre.* 

Leaving this city on the 18th of February, 1867, and New York 
on the 23rd of the same month, b} r the steamship St. Laurent, of 
the French line established by the General Trans-Atlantic Com- 
pany, I landed at the city of Brest, the extreme western point of 
France and of^Continental Europe, (lat. 48 deg., 23 min., 22 sec. 
N.,) on the following 5th of March, having made the ocean trip 
in about ten days and a half. Not being enamored of life aboard 
an ocean steamer by this first experience, I cheerfully waived my 
right to continue on up the Channel to Havre, preferring at the 
same cost to take the overland direct route from Brest to Paris, 
and therefore disembarked at this first opportunity, on Tuesday, 
March 5th. 

Had the time and the place been selected solely with a view to 
present the Old "World in the strongest possible contrast to the 
new, they could scarcely have been more fitly chosen. New 
York, as I left it, and, indeed, the whole northern portion of the 
United States east of the Mississippi Kiver, lay buried in snow — 
not a bud swollen above latitude 39 deg. : and yet here in Brest, 



500 miles further north than New York City, as we steamed up 
the harbor, and climbed the hill to the city, the lawns and hill- 
sides along the quays and between the frowning fortifications 
were seen covered with verdure ; the shrubbery of the borders 
in full leaf; the polyanthus, crocus, hyacinths, daffodils, cydonia 
japonica, and some wild flowers in bloom. 

Brest itself is an old, double-walled, strongly fortified city in 
Brittany, of about 70,000 inhabitants. The people, Celtic in 
their origin, and scrupulously observant of all holidays and cere- 
monies enjoined or permitted by the Church of Rome, to which 
they adhere, were seemingly all in the streets and public grounds, 
holding, as I learned, High Carnival on Mardi-gras or Shrove 
Tuesday. The better classes, however, were merely spectators — 
the middle and lower being the only participants. Of them, the 
old, middle-aged and young of both sexes clattered along the 
narrow streets in their wooden shoes, singly, in pairs, in parties 
or processions ; the chief actors bedecked in all conceivable fancy 
costumes, and generally masked ; occasionally one of the gentler 
sex in male attire, and frequently the situation reversed ; here a 
party of jolly beggars on foot, and there another on horseback or 
on donkeys, fantastically arrayed, and personating some mediaeval 
monarch and his court ; some singing patriotic airs or love ditties 
not the most refined in sentiment ; no rows nor disorder, nor 
even an "unpleasantness," that I saw; no one showing the inva- 
riable American indications of inebriety, yet all probably drinking 
freely of cheap wine or beer ; the whole presenting a scene not 
even less difficult to describe than impossible to enact on this side 
of the Atlantic. Indeed, elsewhere even in Europe, except in 
very few places, the spectacle of so great a portion of the popu- 
lation of a large city given up in utter abandon to the festivities 
and ludicrous gaieties of the Carnival, is never in these later times 
to be seen. It was fortunate, therefore, at the first step on a for- 
eign shore, to meet so favorable a moment for an introduction to 
the marked peculiarities in the manners and customs of the peo- 
ple — serving, as the scenes of the Carnival at Brest did, to create 
an impression, which all subsequent observation only deepened 
and rendered more distinct, of the existing differences in the 
controlling conditions which surround the people of the Old 
"World and the JSTew, in everything relating to their religious, 
political, industrial and social life. 



The individual who seeks to transplant any European industry, 
hoping it to become established here, no matter to what department 
it may relate, should weigh well the fact that the principles of gov- 
ernment, the machinery of government, the systems of labor, the 
requirements of agriculture, the educational and religious organi- 
zations, everything that goes right down to the foundations of 
society in Europe, or forms an essential part of its superstructure 
and inner life, is substantially without parallel here. Whatever 
exists there does so in obedience to and in conformity with ances- 
tral traditions, binding customs, arbitrary law and unyielding 
necessity. These govern and control all productive labor of the 
masses, in whatever direction it may be turned : as well in the 
immense factories as in the little household industries ; as well in 
the establishments and on the lines of those great railway and 
transportation monopolies receiving governmental "concessions," 
as in the dingy little back shop of a Parisian mechanic; as well 
on the imperial estates, or the extended domains of aristocratic 
wealth, as in the little vineyard of the vigneron of Champaign ; 
and as well, too, (except, perhaps, in some of the German States,) 
throughout the whole of Europe, even in the Republic of Swit- 
zerland and the Constitutional Monarchy of Great Britain, as in 
the Empire of France. 

An English lord who had become offended with his old servant, 
and determined to dismiss him, stated to Jock his conclusion that 
they must part. The only reply was, "And where will your 
lordship be goin' ? " A very usual prize awarded at district and 
regional agricultural shows, in England and France, is one " to 
that servant who has served one master longest and most faith- 
fully." The reply of Jock, and the offer of such a prize, disclose 
a condition of labor, a relation of the employed to the employer, 
which, if it were ever approximated in this country, could have 
existed only under the patriarchal institution swept away as the 
result of the rebellion. Hence I repeat, that whoever seeks to 
acclimate here anything of European growth must study well 
its adaptability to the genius of our institutions, and, if it be an 
industry, its adaptability to the habits of life, the tastes and wants 
of our people. It is safe to assume, as a rule, that whatever 
nourishes in the crowded populations, and surrounded by the 
cheap, employment-seeking labor of Europe, will not succeed in 
these North-Western States, without modification in some impor- 



9 

tant particulars. I believe there are exceptions ; that there are 
some things of value — some branches of manufacture, for exam- 
ple — which they are successfully prosecuting, as the outgrowths of 
European necessities even, which we can do better than they, 
chiefly because of the greater facilities for producing or obtaining 
here the raw materials; but so far as my observation extends 
these are few, and I shall mention some of them in subsequent 
pages of this report, with much diffidence and distrust of my own 
conclusions. 

Brest, then, celebrating the Carnival, in holiday costume, and 
given up to the hilarity of the hour, exhibited only one phase, 
not the nmst striking and remarkable, of the difference between 
the French people and ourselves. From that hour I resolved to 
try to examine carefully, to observe from my own point of view, 
and finally to tell you, not, perhaps, exactly how and what it 
really was that interested me, judged by its own peculiar sur- 
roundings, but how and what it setmed to me. 

At 11 p. m. I took the train of the "Bailway of the "West" for 
Paris, distant 370 miles. This line is probably as perfect in all 
its appointments, and as well managed, as any in France. Trains, 
except express or special, are usually made up of three classes of 
cars. Each first class car is divided into three sections, not com- 
municating one with another, and each having places for eight 
passengers who sit in two rows of four each, crosswise the car 
and facing each other. A door on either side completes the 
resemblance of the section to one of our old stage coaches with 
the middle seat removed. There is sometimes an additional half- 
section, called a coupe, in front, glazed on the sides and end, thus 
allowing an unobstructed view in all directions except the rear. 
The only method for warming the cars is by the use of flat metal 
cans, 3-| feet long, 6 inches wide and 3 inches thick, filled with 
hot water, placed on the floor, two in each section, and renewed 
at intervals. A single small oil lamp furnishes the needed light 
at night, and in tunnels by day, so that all danger from fire in case 
of accident is thus avoided ; the feet, at least, are kept warm ; and 
Europeans, who habitually dress warmer, live in the open air more, 
and use less fuel in their dwellings, than Americans, do not com- 
plain of the temperature of the cars in cold weather. First class 
fare is very nearly the same per mile as on our roads ; the rate of 
6peed about twenty-five miles per hour, including stoppages. 
3 



10 

There are no sleeping cars, I believe, on any of the lines in France. 
This road, and all others on which I chanced to travel, are ballasted 
in the most thorough manner, and kept in the nicest repair, so that 
almost the only perceptible jarring of the cars in motion is side- 
wise, owing I think to their want of requisite length to insure 
steadiness. 

At each crossing of another railway or even highway at the 
same level, an individual, usually a woman, is stationed with a 
flag, and at the passing of the train a gate on either side is closed. 
Every depot is inclosed, and all access to the train, except by 
employees, or by passengers who are provided with tickets, is cut 
off. The ticket originally purchased is shown to a guard on enter- 
ing the waiting hall at the station, is retained by the traveler, and 
is not required to be shown again until the destination is reached, 
where it is given up to a guard on passing from the inclosure ot 
the depot. The " conductor," as we know him, is nowhere to be 
seen or heard. This ticket arrangement accomplishes at least two 
desirable things : it relieves the sleepy traveler from the oft- 
repeated cry of "tickets," and insures to the treasury of the 
company the return of the entire receipts for passenger traffic. 
Stoppages are, as on our roads, some twenty minutes at regular 
stations for refreshments, and a few minutes at short intervals for 
way passengers and other purposes. All the locomotives I saw 
were coal-burners, and of the plainest possible appearance in 
comparison with the American. Neither engineer, fireman nor 
guard is protected from the inclemency of the weather by any 
sort of suitable covered structure, and, if transferred to the prai- 
ries of Northern Illinois in the same almost defenseless condition, 
could scarcely hope to live out one of our severest winter storms. 
The great controlling idea of the management of railways and 
all other lines of public conveyance in France, seems to be the 
safety of the passenger ; and the realization of this, together with 
the perfection of systematic management everywhere and at all 
times observable, induces a feeling of security to which the con- 
scious traveler on almost any American railway or steamboat is 
necessarily a stranger. Accidents, involving loss of life, are of 
rare occurrence. Next to safety are economy, punctuality, and 
the assurance of a reasonable amount of comfort to passengers. 
To accomplish these the authority is absolute, the discipline is 
despotism, and the obedience correspondingly certain. Nearly all 



11 

railway structures are of iron, stone or brick; which materials are 
readily obtained at low rates, the necessary labor being abundant 
and cheap. At most of the principal stations the trains stand under 
a roof, frequently glazed over the entire extent and supported by 
iron framework. Damaging hail-storms rarely occur, so that these 
structures, though light, airy and beautiful, are substantially inde- 
structible by the elements. Railway structures of every other class, 
bridges, culverts, tunnels, etc., seem to be of equal durability and 
fine finish. The French system of railways is chiefly in the hands 
of six large companies — the North, East, West, Orleans, Paris 
and Mediterranean, and the South — forming a net-work which, 
when complete, will afford ample facilities. The management of 
the respective companies exercise the most vigilant and praise- 
worthy care in providing for the physical and moral well-being of 
their employees and their families. Magazines of food and cloth- 
ing supply those articles at low rates, and special schools are 
established and maintained for the instruction of those who desire 
to avail themselves of the advantages they offer. For this care 
the companies are amply repaid in the increased intelligence and 
faithfulness of their dependents, and are able to maintain an 
authority the most absolute, and an accountability on the part of 
their employees the most rigorous. 

On the 1st of January, 1866, the whole number of miles of rail- 
way authorized to be constructed in France was 13,051-J; number 
of miles in operation was 8,433 { — having cost 6,824,000,000 francs 
of which the companies paid 5,840,000,000 f. and the state 984,- 
000,000 f. In 1865, the total number of passengers transported 
was 84,025,516, and tons of merchandise 34,019,436. Total re- 
ceipts for passengers, 184,215,213 f. ; total receipts from all sources, 
578,856,871 f.; total expenses of operation, 266,202,095 f.; total 
number of employees, 111,460. 

. It is claimed that within the past ten years progress has been 
realized in the largely increased power of locomotives ; the sub- 
stitution of coal for coke by means of smoke-consumers ; the use 
of more spacious and comfortable carriages ; the greater assurance 
of safety by means of improved modes of communication between 
the agents of the trains and the passengers, of the signal discs and 
in the brakes ; in the substitution of cast-steel plates for iron in 
the manufacture of steam generators. It is also sought to substi- 
tute iron for wood in the carriages, car frames and cross ties. The 



12 

cost of locomotives in 1855 was 2 1 1 ° f. per kilogramme (1 ft>=0.4:53 
kilo.), or about two pounds ; now, they cost 1 X f. per kilo. In 
1855, the price of rails at the factory was 320 f. per ton ; now, it is 
185 f. per ton — a diminution in cost of fixtures for railways attribu- 
table largely to important inventions in methods and processes of 
manufacture. By the adoption of what is known as the "Besse- 
mer process" (which was made a special subject of examination, 
and reported on at length by one of the United States' Commis- 
sioners to the Exposition), rails are now produced said to equal 
the best cast-steel in durability, and at far less cost. The value of 
this "process" to railway companies and to iron and coal produ- 
cing districts of the United States, can scarcely be over-estimated, 
as I trust private enterprise will make manifest in this State at 
an early day. In railway enterprises, as in nearly all others of 
magnitude affecting the public welfare, the state has devoted large 
sums as subsidies to warrant their prosecution. The ocean steamer 
lines and beet sugar industry afford notable examples of the bene- 
ficial results of this policy. 

To the Geologist, as well as the Agriculturist, the route from 
Brest to Paris is full of interest and would amply reward a pro- 
longed study. The upheavals aud disturbance of the strata are so 
frequent and considerable, that at one point or another every 
formation, from the lowest stratified rock to the post tertiary, is 
found at the surface. One result of this is great variety in the 
constituent mineral elements of the tillable soil, and a consequent 
ample field for experiment to determine the adaptability of the 
various outcrops to the growth of different agricultural products. 
A very able and elaborate geological survey of this line has been 
made, and the report embodies the results of most careful and 
minute observation of the agriculture pursued on and appropriate 
to the different exposures throughout the entire section. It is 
matter of doubt whether the same amount of intelligent study and 
labor under circumstances equally favorable, has been bestowed 
on a similar work elsewhere in any country ; and nothing but the 
limited space to which it seems necessary to confine this report 
prevents me from inserting here at least a condensed compilation of 
the facts developed in the "Geological Profile from Paris to Brest, 
prepared by M. Mille, Chief Engineer of Bridges and Highways, 
Paris, 1865," for a copy of which I am under obligations to the ac- 
complished author. It is replete with information — scientifically 



13 

attested facte — verified by the systematic practice of agriculturists 
themselves for centuries bu% fortunaely for us, our children and 
our children's children, not practically applicable to any considera- 
ble extent on the smooth, virgin, undisturbed prairies of Illinois. 
We till no soil from which the organic matter has been washed 
by exposure under cultivation to the rains of a thousand years ; 
we have no soil, or next to none, made up chiefly of the disinte- 
grated underlying rocks and applied manures. Analyses of soils, 
with us, have rarely been made, and I have yet to learn that the 
practice of a single Illinois farmer has ever been modified by, not 
to say founded upon, facts in regard to the soil of his farm elicited 
by the means of chemical investigation. For this reason, if for no 
other, the whole subject of special manures, their manufacture and 
use, so important to European farmers, is a book with almost un- 
broken seals to us. Nor is it a reproach to us that it is so. An 
ever-present, hard necessity looks the population of all Astern 
Europe squarely in the face, and demands of them the most careful 
examina'ion of every element by which agriculture is in any man- 
ner affected, whether it aid or embarrass the production of human 
food ; and so nobly and sucaessfully have they responded to this 
demand, that practical art, wish its economies and skill, guided by 
the truths of science, has steadily increased the annual production 
of their great staple crops, has improved the soil, and, at the same 
time and probably to the samo extent, ameliorated the physical 
well-being of the mass of the people. I will not, however, be 
suspected of wanting in appreciation of the value of scientific 
research in its relation to the agriculture of our own country, nor 
of undervaluing the pains-taking labors of the savans of Europe, 
in expressing the conviction that the peculiarities of European, 
agriculture, in so far as they grow out of peculiarities of soil and 
other conditions there present, can properly serve but as warnings 
to those who till the western prairies. If, however, we continue 
for a few generations more to do as we have been and are now 
doing — "take out of the meal tub and never put in" — we must 
6urely find the bottom, and with it ample necessity for the practi- 
cal application of the lessons in agricultural chemistry now so well 
studied in old Europe. 

In passing over the " Railway of the West," of course no inti- 
mate knowledge of the systems of agriculture or industry in practice 
throughout the region it traverses could be acquired, yet there are 



14: 

features, permanent and characteristic, which no American would 
fail to note at a glance. Some of them interested me. The physi- 
cal outline of the country presents nothing remarkable. Boiling, 
occasionally abrupt in declivity, there is no mountain scenery nor 
anything not in harmony with the quiet beauty of a country almost 
wholly cultivated, arable lands, meadows and vineyards. The 
fields, separated from each other sometimes by hedges so slight 
as scarcely to be barriers at all and sometimes by furrows only, 
are small, varying from a few square rods to a few acres in extent. 
No laws of primogeniture or entail prevail, and hence the tendency 
is, as it is with us and for the same reason, to the minutest sub- 
division in the ownership of real estate not inconsistent with its 
profitable use. This has reached a point in France which is of 
course only in the distant future here ; and the system which 
permits it and thus firmly binds the hearts of the people to the 
soil of France, is claimed by French political economists to be the 
palladium of French nationality. Possibly the large land owners 
of England, under the policy of the ' fast anchored isle ' by which 
the small estates are being steadily absorbed, take a different view 
of the case.* 

Perhaps the first feature of the country landscape an American 
will observe, because so unexpected to him in an old country having 
a dense population, is the prairie-like openness of the view, result- 
ing from the absence of farm-houses with their clusters of second- 
ary buildings which everywhere dot American scenery in the 
rural districts. With the exception of an occasional pretentious 
chateau and its accessories on the estate of some wealthy gentle- 
man, you see nothing of the kind. Those who till the ground, 
whether proprietors, tenants or hired laborers, reside in adjacent 
villages, where each family seems to occupy the narrowest limits 
consistent with its actual need of shelter and rest. The farmers 
are villagers as well. Their dwellings may have been built fifty 
or a hundred or five hundred years ago ; the gray stone walls, the 
red tile roofs or moss-covered thatch tell no story of their age. 
Nothing about them suggests an idea of modern or even individual 

* Mr. Ernest Jones, in a lecture delivered in Dublin, August, 1867, stated, no doubt on good 
authority, the number of acres in England, Scotland and Wales to be 71,000,000; that the num- 
ber of land owners had decreased from 250,000 in 1770 to 32,000 in 1856, and still decreases. The 
Duke of Devonshire owns 96,000 acres in the county of Derby alone. The Duke of Eichmond 
owns 340,000 acres, and the Marquis of Breadalbane may ride on his own land 100 miles in a 
straight line from his own door— and this in a country not double the size of Illinois , with a popu- 
lation eight times greater! 



15 

taste. The iron rule of rigorous necessity, exacting durability and 
economy, seems to have prescribed their forms, materials and 
proportions. This same law of necessity dominates throughout. 

I have already referred to the fences, or rather to the absence 
of them. There is no discussion of the "fence question 5 ' in 
France. If in the dim past any such question was raised, it set- 
tled itself long ago. One has only to look at the little pieces of 
ground as they lie marked into fields or farms by their different 
crops, the whole resembling a mammoth mosaic picture without 
a frame, to feel the utter absurdity of any proposition to fence 
them on the American system. Possibly the empire might bor- 
row the funds to accomplish it by mortgaging the entire territory, 
but when done it is not likely a second loan could be effected to 
maintain the fences, and a considerable per cent, of the people 
would certainly be compelled to choose between starvation and 
emigration. And is it not true that here, in the sparsely timbered 
district of the prairies where the fences cost us originally almost as 
much as the land besides ten per cent interest annually to maintain 
them, our policy and laws on this subject are as absurd as they are 
onerous? Is there not in this very outgrowth of European necessity 
a lesson we should learn and apply ? That density of population 
and the resultant need of economizing resources of land and 
money will ultimately force us to abandon the wasteful system of 
fencing cultivated fields, I do not enteriain a single doubt; but 
why should not this generation reap the benefits of an enlightened 
policy sure to enhance the value of every acre of arable land 
in the prairies twenty-five per cent, on the day of its adoption ? 

Another economy universally practiced in France, struck me 
forcibly — the utilization of all available wall-surface for the pro- 
duction of fruit. I do not refer to the more than 5,000,000 acres 
of vineyards, nor to the orchards producing annually their 11,- 
000,000 hectolitres of cider, but merely to the incidental culture 
of fruit against walls, barriers and other structures erected for 
other purposes entirely. It is, of course, not possible to estimate this 
product closely, but it must in France alone exceed the entire fruit 
crop of Illinois. There is scarcely a house owner in this State who 
may not profit by the suggestion ; who may not, at the trifling cost of 
plants and the expenditure of a few minutes occasionally in pleas- 
ant labor, supply his family with an abundance of the most health- 
ful and delicious fruits in their season. No need to delay planting 



16 

until he can build a trellis or an arbor, a time that too often never 
arrives, but he may use at once the bare walls of his outbuildings, 
his fences and even his dwelling. Generally, such surfaces pro- 
duce better fruit, and with more certainty in this climate, than 
the open vineyard or orchard, and they are ready for use without 
the additional outlay of a dollar. The air of comfort, of luxury 
indeed, and real beauty produced in the old country by the preva- 
lence of this practice charms an American at first sight, and almost 
suggeststhe wish that the same stern need of economy might for 
the time fall upon his countrymen and compel them in this simple 
and inexpensive manner to beautify the landscape, to furnish 
themselves and families with the luxury of fruits and, if money 
must be an element in all our calculations, add millions to the 
national wealth. 

Of forests and tree planting, I shall speak at some length in 
connection wilh my visit to the imperial farm and nursery at 
LaMotte-Beauvron, and desire to refer here only to the production 
of fuel in a manner entirely new to me. Along the margins of 
brooks and on the confines of fields may be frequently seen tall 
trees shorn of all brandies, except little tufts at their tops, and 
others with trunks cut off from four to ten feet above the ground. 
The former are Lombardy Poplars, and are shorn usually once in 
five years ; the latter are chiefly willows, (white ?) elms and birches 
shorn much oftener. The crops of faggots thus obtained without 
detriment to other crops or appreciable loss in any respect are said 
to supply a large proportion of the wood consumed as fuel, while 
the streets of the villages and cities, even the highways of the 
country, owe their cleanliness to the myriads of brush brooms 
made of the finer spray clipped from the stumps. 

I must pass, however, with scarcely a mention, many other 
evidences of frugality revealed by a glance from the windows of 
the car, such as the narrowness, cleanliness and perfect keeping 
of streets and roads, the absence of every appearance of waste in 
rural economy, the studied and artistic neatness of hay and grain 
6tacks, piles of wood, stone and coal, as also, loads of grain, hay, 
flax and straw as they were being transported on carts whose 
broad wheels serve only to roll down the metal of the McAdamized 
roads, without wearing them; and leave the quiet conservatism 
of the rural districts and their adherence to the ways of the 
fathers, with the single reflection that, so far as appears, ages 



17 

may have passed, revolutions swept over the land, thrones 
fallen and thrones risen, while the life and industries of the 
people in thiir struggle to supply the wants of a simple exist- 
ence, may have undergone no appreciable change. The train 
bears us swiftly on towards the political, industrial, financial, 
commercial and scientific head and heart of the empire. It is 
easy to know we are approaching a great metropolis by the 
increasing; number of telegraph wires, the improving beauty and 
finish of the private dwellings and grounds and even by the acres 
upon acres of snow-white garments of both sexes hung up to dry. 
Scarcely are we past the beautiful surroundings of Versailles, 
whose p lace and parks, fountains and galleries of art have cost 
the French people $300,000,000, than before us, in full view in 
the " basin,'' lies Paris — with its spires and domes, its palaces, 
triumphal arches, old churches and monuments, its institutions of 
learning, its 2,000,000 of people and its Universal Exposition. It 
needs little knowledge of the Empire to real ze how completely 
and perfectly " Paris is France." It has been said, u one might 
as well speak of what one's legs think, as of what the provinces 
think ;" a forcible expression of the entire subjection in which 
Parisian influence holds the brain and muscle- of the residue of 
the domain of Napoleon III — an influence, indeed,, not wholly 
unfelt nor unacknowledged in the worlds of science, art and 
fashion throughout Christendom. 

Arriving at the station, Mont Parnasse, at 4:30 p. m., March 
6th, I was soon domiciled in a quiet hotel in the heart of the city, 
and on the following morning called on the U. S. Commissioner 
General, Hon. N. M. Beck with, at his office, No. 21 Rue dela Paix, 
to make inquiry in regard to the packages addressed to me, in his 
care, and forming the Illinois State collection. A single interview 
served to satisfy me that at least one nation, whose people are 
known abroad as rather fast, was in danger of being behind time 
in perfecting its arrangements for the Exposition ; and when, in 
the afternoon, I visited Champ de Mars and observed the little 
already accomplished in the American section of the palace, as 
contrasted with the forward condition of the preparatory work in 
the sections of France, England, the German States and Hus ia ; 
remembering, too, that the gr nd opening must, under the decree 
of organization, take place within less than four weeks, my appre- 
hension was not at all lessened. 
3 



18 

As early as it was possible to do so, I obtained positions for the 
different parts of our collection as they arrived, and placed them 
as favorably, with a view to their examination by juries and vis- 
itors, as the allotted space and facilities afforded would permit. 
Our geological collections, agricultural products, meats, wines, 
and manufactured articles, were placed in time for the juries, or 
at least before they ceased to work ; but the birds contributed by 
the Chicago Academy of Sciences were installed so late that I 
presume the jury of the class did not examine them. The 
botanical specimens of E. Hall, Esq., were not allotted space in 
which they could be properly displayed at all, and none whatever 
until after the jury were through and compelled to report. The 
Exposition contained nothing better than these two exhibits in 
their respective classes ; and but for the delay and want of suita- 
ble position, I believe the award of a prize to each would have 
been secured. An unfortunate misapprehension ot the scope of 
Class 70, on the part of the United States Commissioner General, 
who imagined that such representative articles of the industry of 
the North-Western States as salted and smoked meats, were 
not properly admissible under the ruling of the Imperial Com- 
mission, came near lobing to us two silver medals on barreled 
meats, lard and hams. A timely protest, however, retained them 
in the palace, and a sensible jury, after proper trial at table, gave 
them prizes of as high grade as any awarded to similar products 
from other nations. In the case of the beef, pork and lard, 
Messrs. Culbertson, .Blair & Co., of Chicago, received the only 
medal of so high grade awarded to those articles ; and in case of 
the hams, Charles Duffield, of Chicago ; Cape, Culver & Co., of 
New York; Bonne, who exhibited the celebrated hams of West- 
phalia, Prussia; and Maylan, exhibiting the almost equally noted 
hams of Bayonne, France, received the four highest awards — a 
silver medal each. Many other lower prizes were awarded to 
such objects, and the competition was great. It is perhaps inter- 
esting to state that the Chicago hams were regarded as rather too 
decided in flavor for the Parisian taste — that which constitutes 
their chief point of excellence with Americans, and which, by 
mere prolonged boiling, may of course be rendered less pro- 
nounced, even to positive insipidity. 



19 

The farm and school houses constructed by Lyman Bridges, 
Esq., of Chicago, installed by the Commissioner General, under 
the direction of J. Clark, Esq., of Chicago, were exhibited as part 
of the State Collection, and are quite accurately represented in 
the accompanying cuts, borrowed from the Prairie Farmer Com- 
pany. They were delayed in transportation and erection, so as 
not to be completed until in June — two months after they should 
have been ready. The appropriate jnry, having been disbanded, 
were reassembled, (solely by the effort of United States Commis- 
sioner Bowen, who manifested throughout the liveliest personal 
interest in these exhibits,) and awarded the school house a silver 
medal. The jury of Class 74, of which I was an associate member, 
and whose labors continued throughout the duration of the Expo- 
sition, finding the appropriate jury for the class in which the 
cottage was originally entered had also disbanded, kindly assumed 
to examine it, and recommended the award of a gold medal. 
Higher authority subsequently confirmed this action, but reduced 
the grade of the award to a silver medal. 

A small cypress cottage from Louisiana was also awarded, by 
the same jury — of Class 74 — a bronze medal, under precisely the 
same circumstances. 

Every part of the State Collection possessing a market or 
exchangeable value has been disposed of, and the result reported 
to the contributors. Every article, except the birds and botanical 
specimens, was considered by the juries in making up their awards, 
and is entitled to some portion of honor in securing one of th 
single or collective prizes issued to the State. 

The following is the official list of prizes awarded to the State 
and citizens of Illinois, as embodied in the Prefatory Keport oi 
the United States Commissioner General : 

GBAND PRIZE. 

C. E. McCormick — Reaping Machines. To this grand prize, gained in the 
field trials of agricultural machines, was added, by the Emperor, the 
Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 

GOLD MEDAL. 

C. H. McCormick, Chicago — Reaping and Mowing Machines. 

SILVER MEDALS. 

Chicago Board of Public WorJcs— Design of the Lake Tunnel. (State Collec- 
tion. 
Culbertson, Blair & Co., Chicago— Salted Meats. (State Collection.) 
Charles JDujfield, Chicago— Rums. (State Collection.) 



20 

Illinois Central Railroad Company, Chicago — Agricultural Products. (State 

Collection.) 
State of Illinois — Collection of Minerals. (State Collection.) 
State of Illinois — Fanner's House. (State Collection.) 
State of Illinois — Primary School House. (State Collection.) 
Peter Schuttler, Chicago — Wagon. (State Collection.) 

BRONZE MEDALS. 

John Deere & Co., Moline — Plow. (State Collection.) 

State of Illinois — Cereals and Wheat Flour. (State Collection.) 

HONORABLE MENTION. 

J. Hirsch, Chicago — Afbumen, Glycerine, etc. 

It is proper to state that, except in two or three of the ninety-live 
classes, (No. 74, embracing trials of agricultural implements in the 
field, being one of the exceptions,) the examinations and awards 
by the juries of the Exposition were in no proper sense competitive, 
either between nations or between individuals of the same nation. 
Objects regarded by the juries as worthy were so reported by 
them, together with an indication of the grade of prize they were 
believed to merit ; and, so far as my knowledge extends, distinc- 
tions were not very finely drawn in most cases. The number of 
jurymen apportioned to each country exhibiting was in projDortion 
to the space it occupied in the palace. This of course, and pro- 
perly, gave France a largely preponderating influence ; and to her 
honor it may be mentioned as an universal remark, that the 
Frenchmen serving on the juries acted uniformly in a spirit 
entirely just and even liberal, in passing upon the exhibits of 
other nations. I had the best possible opportunity to observe 
this, and it gives me great pleasure to express my admiration of 
their entire and perfect freedom from all narrow-minded prejudice, 
as well as their quick and hearty appreciation of excellence, with- 
out regard to the nationality of its origin. 

An analysis of results shows that the United States received 
more prizes in proportion to the number of its exhibitors than 
any other country, except France ; more than double the number 
received by Great Britain and her colonies. The following table, 
copied from the Prefatory Keport of the United States Commis- 
sioner General, and verified in the main by my own examination 
of official documents, shows important facts in this connection. 
The countries compared are the ten standing highest in grade. 
"The lines read horizontally show the percentage of grades and 



21 

awards to each country, and the columns read vertically present 
the relative grades and awards to each country compared with 
the other countries. 



General average percentage of 
awards to exhibitors 

Special average : 

France 

Unired States 

Austria 

Prussia and North Germany 

Belgium 

Russia 

Switzerland 

Great Britain and colonies . 

Italy 

Spain 



2? 


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00 P 










trq 




wj 


• °i 


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Paq 




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ct> 




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19 
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Pi 


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• C6 


ig 

: ? 


0.00175 


0.02221 


0.08113 


0.12759 


0.11265 










0.00306 


0.04272 


0.14742 


0. 20086 


0.16166 


0.00932 


0.03171 


0.134' 2 


17910 


0.17?50 


0.00095 


02722 


0.12273 


0.18L94 


0.14326 


0.00226 


0.0-2890 


0.10760 


0.184:7 


0.15028 


0.00161 


0.01834 


0.10.)18 


0.15428 


0.15326 


0.00073 


0.01518 


0. 06593 


0.14945 


0.10915 


00092 


01944 


0.07500 


0.113S8 


0.10926 


0.00178 


0.01829 


0.06217 


0.09531 


0.083o'8 


0.00122 


0.00589 


0.02826 


0.06311 


09338 


0. 


00000 


0.00794 


0.02950 


0.07630 


0.07333 



o 

CD O 






34.53 



55.57 
5-2.79 
47.60 
47.40 
43 26 
34 06 
31.85 
26.10 
19.18 
18.70 



" The percentage of awards to the exhibitors of the remaining 
twenty -five countries falls below the preceding." 

I am more than willing to believe that the United States 
deserve the rank assigned them in the great Exposition of 1867 
by these figures, and am gratified to know that our own State 
contributed respectably to secure this high national percentage ; 
but every intelligent American who saw it will, I think, bear me 
out in saying the United States exhibit, as a whole, fell far below 
the standard of high excellence, judged by the actual ability of 
the country; that it did not do the nation justice; that in both 
materiel and installation, it did not realize reasonable expecta- 
tions. It is due to ourselves that other nations should understand 
this, and I trust the special reports on this subject by United 
States Commissioners, with whom the duty of reporting on the 
American section rests, will frankly and conscientiously state the 
whole truth. 

I turn from this department to the one more deeply interest- 
ing — the Exposition itself; and as matter of historical value, 
present first a brief notice of those of the same international 
character which have preceded it. The facts have been compiled 
from authentic sources. 



22 

The Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, in 1851, was 
the first. It was held in Hyde Park, London, wi.h the intention, 
as expressed by the late Prince Albert, u to give a true test and 
a living picture of the point of development at which the whole 
of mankind had arrived in this great task, and a new starting 
point from which all nations will be able to direct their future 
exertions." The "Crystal Palace" covered an area of fe00,000 
square feet, or a little more than eighteen acres — said to be more 
than three times the area covered by any previous exhibition 
elsewhere. Great Britain and her colonies occupied one-half the 
whole space. 

It was opened by Her Majesty on the 1st of May, and closed 
on the 15th October — duration 141 days. 

Number of exhibitors 13,937 Total number of prizes 5,248 

Number of U. S. exhibitors 499 Prizes to the Untied States 160 

Number of Council medals, 170; prize medals, 2,918; honorable mentions, 2,160. 

Number of nations exhibiting, 24. 

Whole number of visitors, 6,039,195, of whom 5,265,429 paid at the doors, £356,273, and 773,776 
held season tickets, paying £67,514. 

Receipts from all sources £506,100 

Expenditures 292,795 

Net balance £213,305 

Largest number of visitors present on any one day was on the 7th October, being 109,915. 

1853. 

The second International Exhibition was held in New York 
City, in 1853, being opened July 15th, and closed Dec. 1st. 

Number of exhibitors, 4,834. Number of nations exhibiting, 24. 

The Crystal Palace covered an area of 140,086.20 square feet, 
or 3.21 acres. 

I have no other statistics at hand. 

1855. 

The third was held in the Palace of Industry and Annexes, 
Champs Elysees, Paris, in 1855. It was opened on the 1st of 
May, and closed on the 30th November. 

Number of exhibitors 23,974 Number of prizes. ... 10 km 

Number of U. S. exhibitors 131 Number of prizes to U. S. exhibitors'. —- 

Superficial area 1,770,000 square feet, or 40.63 acres. 

Number of nations represented, 30. 

Total expenditure, 11,264,520 francs, not including the Palace of Industry, which cost about 
82,000,000. 

Total receipts, 3,202,485 francs. 

The Palace of Industry, a beautiful stone edifice, still remains, 
and is in frequent use for exhibitions of fine arts and public enter- 



23 

tainments requiring great space. In it was made the distribution 
of awards at the Exposition of 1867, July 1st. witnessed by more 
than 18,000 persons. 

1862. 
The fourth was held at South Kensington, near London, in 
1862. It was opened on the 1st of May, and closed on the 15th 
November. 

Number of exhibitors 28,653 Number of prizes .• 13,423 

Number of U. S. exhibitors 128 Number of U. S. prizes 31 

Number of nations represented, 25. 

Whole area roofed, 988,000 square feet, or 22.68 acres. 

Whole number of visitors, 6,211,103. 

Total expenditures, £460,000; total receipts, £459,631. 

1867. 

On the 22nd day of June, 1863, an imperial decree was issued, 
at the instance of M. Pouher, then Minister of Agriculture, Com- 
merce and Public Works, embodying the three propositions: 
1. That an Exposition take place in Paris in 1867. 2. That it be 
more completely universal than its predecessors, and to that end, 
that it comprehend, as far as possible, the works of art, the indus- 
trial products of all countries, and, in general, the manifestations 
of all branches of human activity. 3. That the notice of this 
Exposition be immediately published, to the end that all produ- 
cers, including those of the most distant nations, may have time 
to make preparation. Even before the close of the Exhibition o± 
1862, in London, the desire to hold another in Paris at an early 
day was expressed by many of the principal exhibitors, and that 
expression finally assumed form in the decree referred to above. 

By subsequent decrees an Imperial Commission was organized, 
consisting of thirty-eight members, to which were added the 
Minister of State, the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, 
the Minister of the House of the Emperor, and twenty-eight 
other gentlemen representing the guaranteed capital subscribed. 
Prince Napoleon was named President of the Exposition, but 
declined, whereupon the Prince Imperial was named in his place — 
the position being a mere formal one. M. Pouher, Minister of 
State, was Yice President, M. LePlay, Counselor of State, was 
named as Commissioner General, and M. de Chancourtois, Chief 
Engineer of Mines, was named as Secretary to the Imperial 
Commission. 



24: 

The estimated expense to be provided for was twenty millions 
of francs, ($3,720,000,) of which the State and the city of Paris 
furnished 12,000,000f., and the twenty -eight gentlemen added to 
the Imperial Commission, as noted above, guaranteed the remain- 
ing 8,000,000?. Champ de Mars, an oblong space, containing 
781,707 squire yards, (about 103|- acres,) lying on the left bank 
of the Seine, between that stream and the National Military 
School, {Ecole Militaire,) historical as the scene of fetes, military 
reviews, etc., was selected for the erection of the temporary palace. 

A system of classification most admirable and exhaustive in 
detail was adopted by the Imperial Commission. In deciding 
upon the form and architecture of the palace, the controlling con- 
sideration evidently was to adapt the building to the classification, 
and to render a study of the Exposition, in any of its parts, or as 
a whole, easy and satisfactory, so far as internal arrangement of 
the articles exhibited could effect it. Nothing of usefulness was 
sacrificed to mere architectural effect. Errors of this character 
were avoided ; the substance was not subordinated to the shadow. 

The structures were therefore adapted to and contemplated an 
exhibition : (See map.) 

I. By Nations : 

Each occupying a transversal section of the palace, running from the Cen- 
tral Garden to the circumference of the building, and larger or 
smaller, as respectively demanded by and originally assigned to the 
nations exhibiting. 

II. By Groups : 

1. Works of art. 

2. Materials and their application in the liberal arts. 

3. Furniture and other objects used in dwellings. 

4. Garments, tissues for clothing, and other articles of wearing apparel. 

5. Products, wrought and unwrought, of extractive industries. 

6. Instruments and processes of common arts. 

7. Food, fresh or preserved, in various stages of preparation. 

8. Animals and specimens of agricultural establishments.* 

9. Living products and specimens of horticultural establishments.* 

10. Objects exhibited with a view to the amelioration of the moral and 
physical condition of the people, t 

(Each of these groups, except as no'ed, wis extended along the line of a concentric gallery 
aroand the entire baildiug — No. 1 being on the inner and No 7 on the onter circle.) 

III. By Classes : 

Of which there were ninety-five in all, suitably disposed by installations 
in the groups to which they respectively belonged. 

*Exhibited in the Park and at the Island of Billancourt, hereafter described. 
tPlaced in a transversal scctioD of the palace, w.thout regard to nationalities, for convenience 
of comparative study, and in the Park. 



25 

As this matter of classification is one of growing importance 
and constant study, as well as of great difficulty, in all industrial 
organizations holding exhibitions, and as that adopted by the 
Imperial Commission for the Exposition of 1867 is generally 
admitted to be the most thorough and nearest perfection in gene- 
ral arrangement and specific detail yet devised, it seems highly 
proper to embody it herein for future reference. 

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 

First Croup. — Works of Art. 

Class 1, (Palace Gallery 1.)— Paintings in Oil— Paintings on canvas, on panels, on glazing, and 
other surfaces. 

Class 2, (Palace Gallery 1.)— Various Paintings and Designs.— Miniatures, aquarelles, pastels, 
and designs of all kinds; paintings on euamel, on crockery, on porcelain; canoons, for 
frescoes and for glass windows. 

Class 3, (Palace Gallery 1.)— Sculptures and Engravings on Medals.— Spherical, embossing, sculp- 
tured bas-reliefs, sculptures, pressed and chiseled, medals, cameos, ensrraved stones, chemi- 
cal engravings. 

Class 4, (Palace Gallery 1.)— Designs and Models of Architecture.— Studies and fragments, repre- 
sentations and projects of edifices, restorations from ruics and from documents. 

Class 5, (Palace Gallery 1.)— Engravings and Lithographs.— Engravings (Vack) on copper, wood, 
stone, etc. ; engravings in several colors; lithographs, in black, in crayon, in pencil, and in 
colors. 

Second Croup, (Palace Gallery 2.) — Materials and their Application in 
the Liberal Arts. 

Class 6.— Specimens of Printing and Publishing.— Specimens of typography; proof-sheets of 
autography and lithography, in black and in colors ; proofs heets of engravings ; new books 
and new editions of books already known; collections of works forming libraries on special 
subjects; periodical publications; designs; technical and school atlases and albums. 

Class 7, (Palace Gallery 2.)— Specimens of Stationery, of Book-binding, and of Materials used in 
Painting and Designing.— Papers, cards, paste-boards, inks, chalks, pencils, pastels, furniture 
of writing desks, ink-stands, letter balances, copy-presses, etc. ; registers, copy-books, 
albums, note-books, instrument cases, bands, elastic bands: various articles for water col- 
ors, aquarelles, colors in cakes, in bladders, in tubes, and in shells ; instruments used by 
painters, designers, gravers, and modelers ; specimens of paper work, lamp-shades, lanterns, 
flower-pots, etc. 

Class 8, (Palace Gallery 2.)— Specimens of Design and Plastic Moulding applied in the Ordinary 
Arts.— Industrial designs; designs obtained, reproduced, or reduced, by mechanical means; 
decorative paintings ; industrial lithographs or engravings ; models and rough sketches of 
figures, ornaments, etc. ; sculptured work, cameos, lockets, and various objects ornamented 
by engraving ; industrial medals, moulded by machines ; reductions and photographs ; sculp- 
tures; various objects moulded. 

Class 9, (Palace Gallery 2.)— Proofs and Apparatus of Photography.— Photography on paper, 
glass, wood, stuffs, enamel ; heliographic engravings, lithographic proofs, photographic ste- 
reotypes, stereoscopes and stereoscopic proofs ; specimeus obtained by amplification; instru- 
ments, tools and materials for photography; materials and apparatus for photographic 
work-shops. 

Class 10. (Palace Gallery 2.)— Instruments of Music.— Wind, instruments, not metallic, with 
simple openings, with wind-pipes, with reeds, with or without reservoirs of air; metallic 
wind instruments, simple, with extensions, slides, pistons, keys, key-boards ; wind instru- 
ments, with key-boards, organs, accordeons; instruments with cords for compression, or for 



26 

the bow, without key-boards; instruments with cords and key-boards, pianos, etc.; instru- 
ments for percussion or friction; auromatic instruments, organs of Barbary, serinettes, etc. ; 
detached pieces and apparatus for orchestras. 
Class 11, (Palace Gallery 2.) — Apparatus and Instruments of the Medical Art— Materials and 
instruments for dressing wounds, sores, and for inferior surgery; instruments for medical 
explorations; materials and instruments for surgery; trusses and cases of instruments; 
cases of medicaments intended especially for army surgeons, navy surgeons, veterinary sur- 
geons, dentists, oculists, etc. ; apparatus for restoring sensation, general or local; apparatus 
(mechanical or plastic) de prothese, (the substitution of parts or members ;) apparatus for 
deformities, ruptures, etc.; various apparatus for the sick, infirm, deranged; accessory 
objects used in the medical and surgical service, in pharmaceutics, and in hospitals and 
infirmaries. 

Materials for anatomical researches; apparatus for researches in medico-legal practice; 
special materials for veterinary medicine; apparatus for baths, medical baths, &c; 
apparatus for the physical exercise of children, for healthful and medical gymnastics, &c. ; 
apparatus for aid to the wounded on the field of battle, ambulances, civil and military, for 
armies on land and at sea. 

Apparatus for aid to the drowning, suffocating, fainting, etc. 
Class 12.— Instruments of Precision, and Apparatus for Instruction in Science. — Instruments 
used in practical geometry, compasses, micrometers, levels, micromatic lenses, calculating 
machines, etc. 

Apparatus and instruments for surveying, for topography, for land measuring, for astronomy, 
etc.; apparatus for various observations; apparatus and instruments of the arts of precision, 
weights and measures of different countries, moneys, medals, etc.; balances; instruments 
for physical observations, meteorology, etc.; optical instruments; apparatus for instruction 
in physical science, in elementary geometry, descriptive geometry, solids and mechanics. 

Models and instruments for instruction in the industrial arts in general ; collections tor instruc- 
tion in natural sciences ; figures and models for instruction in medical science, flexible ana- 
tomical models, etc. 

Class 13, (Palace Gallery 2.) — Geography, Cosmography, Apparatus, Maps, Charts, etc. — Maps 
and atlases, topographical, geographical, geological, hydrological, astronomical, etc. ; marine 
charts, physical charts of all sorts, flat and in relief; celestial and terrestrial globes and 
spheres ; apparatus for the study of cosmography. 

Statistical works, tables, tables and ephemerides, for astronomers and mariners. 

Thibd group. — (Palace Gallery 3.) — Furniture and other objects used 

IN DWELLINGS. 

Class 14.— Rich Furnishings. — Sideboards, bookcases, toilettes, beds, sofas, seats, billiards, etc. 

Class 15, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Upholstery and Decorative Work.— Bedding, covered seats, 
canopies, curtains, hangings in tapestry and in stuffs; furniture and decorative objects 
in stone and other valuable materials; decorations moulded in paste, in piaster, in 
pasteboard; decorative painting, frames, furniture; decorative ornaments for religious 
service. 

Class 16, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Crystals, Rich Glassware and Glazing.— Goblets in crystal, cut- 
glass, double crystal, mounted crystal, etc.; glass for windows, furniture and mirrors; 
glass figured, enameled, crackled, filigraned ; optical crystals ; ornamental glass-painted 
windows. 

Class 17, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Porcelain, Faience, and other Potteries.— Biscuit, hard and tender 
porcelains; fi e earthenware, glazed and colored; biscuit of faience, terre cuite, enameled 
lavas; stoneware. 

Class 18, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Carpets, Hangings^ and other Furniture Tissues.— Carpets, Wilton 
carpets, velvet tapestries; carpets of felt, of cloth, of clippings of wool, silk, or floss silk, of 
mat-weed, of India-rubber; furniture tissues of cotton, wool, silk, hair, vegetable leather, 
moleskin, leather hangings and coverings, oil-cloths, etc. 

Class 19, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Painted Paper.— Papers printed on blocks with rollers, with 
machines, papers velveted, marbled, veined, etc. ; pasteboards, book-covers, etc. ; paper for 
artistic uses, spring blinds, etc., painted or printed. 

Class 20, (Palace Gallery 3,)— Cutlery— Knives, penknives, razors, scissors, etc. 



27 

Class 21, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Goldwork.— Goldwork for religious service, for table use and orna- 
ment, for toilettes, bureaus, etc. 

Class 22, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Bronzes, various artistic castings, and works in pressed metals. — 
Statues and bas-reliefs in bronze, in cast iron, in zinc; decorative and ornamental bronzes ; 
imitations of bronze castings in zinc ; castings coated with metallic coverings by the galvanic 
process ; repousses in lead, zinc, copper, etc. 

Class 23, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Clocks and Clockwork.— Separate pieces of clockwork ; spring clocks, 
pendulum clocks, electrical clocks, watches, chronometers, regulators, second counters, 
apparatuses for measuring time, hour-glasses, sand-glasses, clepsydras, etc. 

Class 24, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Apparatus and methods of Warming and Lighting.— Fireplaces 
chimneys, stoves, furnaces, caloriferes, accessory objects; apparatus for heating by gas, by 
hot water, by hot air; apparatus for ventilating and for drying, stoves; enameled lamps, 
blowpipes, portable forges ; lamps for oil — mineral, vegetable, or animal ; other accessories 
of lighting ; apparatus for lighting by gas ; photo-electrical lamps ; apparatus for lighting by 
magnetism. 

Class 25, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Perfumery.— Cosmetics and pomatums, perfumed oils, perfumed 
essences, liquid extracts, scents, aromatic vinegars, almond paste, powders, pastiles and 
scent-bags, combustible perfumes, toilette soaps. 

Class 26, (Palace Gallery 3.)— Fancy Articles, Toys, Basket-work.— Small fancy articles of furni- 
ture, liquor cases, glove boxes, caskets, lacquer work, dressing cases, work-boxes, screens , 
pocket-books, purses, portfolios, cigar cases, memorandums; articles of check -work ; articles 
turned, sculptured, engraved, of wood, of ivory, in shell, snuff-boxes, pipes, combs, brushes, 
corbeilles, and fancy baskets ; basket-work, esparto-work. 

Fourth Group. — (Palace Gallery 4.) — Garments, Tissues for Clothing 

AND OTHER ARTICLES OF WEARING APPAREL. 

Class 27. — Yam and Tissues of Cotton. — Cotton, prepared and spun ; tissues of cotton, plain and 
figured ; tissues of mixed cotton ; cotton velvets, tapes, etc. 

Class 28, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Yarn, and Tissues of Linen, Hemp, etc.— Flax, hemp, and other 
vegetable fibres spun; linen and ticking; cambric, tissues of thread, mixed cotton and 
silk; tissues of vegetable fibres, which may be substituted for linen and hemp. 

Class 29, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Yarn and Tissues of Combed Wool.— Combed wools, tissues of 
combed wools, mousselines. cashmeres, Scotch cashmeres, serges, etc. ; galoonsof wool, mixed 
with cotton, or thread, or silk, or floss; tissues of hair, plain and mixed. 

Class 30, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Yarns and Tissues of Carded Wool.— Carded wool and yarn of 
carded wool ; cloths and other tissues of wool, carded and fulled ; blankets, felts of wool or 
of hair, for carpets, hats, socks ; tissues of wool carded and not fulled or slightly fulled, flan- 
nels, tartans, etc. 

Class 31.— Silk and Tissues of Silk. — Silks, raw or milled, silk or floss thread or yarn, tissues of 
silk, plain and figured ; silk stuffs mixed with gold, silver, cotton or wool; tissues of floss 
silk, pure or mixed; velvets, plushes, ribbons of silk, pure or mixed. 

Class 32, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Shawls — Shawls of wool, pure or mixed ; shawls of silk and of 
cashmere. 

Class 33, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Laces, Embroideries, and Trimmings for Clothing, Military Cloth- 
ing, Furniture, Carriages, Harness, etc.— Laces of thread or cotton, made with the lace spindle, 
needle, or machines ; lace of silk, wool, or of goats 1 hair ; gold or silver lace ; tulle of silk or 
cotton, plain or figured ; tambour-work, crotchet-work, etc. ; embroideries in gold, in silver, 
in silk, in thread ; tapestry embroideries, and other handwork ; trimmings of silk, floss, wool, 
goats' hair, hair, thread, and cotton; laces, military trimmings, fine and coarse. 

Class 34, (Palace Gallery 4.) — Hosiery, Linen, and other articles of Clothing. — Stockings of cotton, 
thread, wool, cashmere, silk and floss, pure or mixed; garments of linen for men, women, 
children, baby-linen; garments of flannel, and other tissues of wool; corsets; cravats; 
gloves; gaiters; fans; screens; umbrellas; parasols; canes, etc. 

Class 35, (Paiace Gallery 4.)— Clothing for Men, Women, and Children.— Garments for men; gar- 
ments for women ; coiffures for men and women, wigs and hair-work ; boots and shoes ; 
children's clothes ; professional garments. 

Class 36, (Palace Gallery 4.) — Jewelry and precious ornaments. — Ornaments of gold, platinum, 
silver and aluminum, chiseled in filagree, or set with fine stones, etc. 



28 

Diamonds ; precious stones ; pearls and imitations. 
Class 37, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Portable Armor.— Defensive arms— bucklers, shields," cuirasses, 
casques ; offensive arms— war clubs, maces, bludgeons, battle-axps, etc. ; foils, swords, sabres 
bayonets, lances, hatchets, hunting-knives, bows, cross-bows, slings. 

Fire-arms— muskets, carbines, pistols, revolvers; accessory articles— powder flasks, bullet 
moulds; projectiles, oblong, spherical, hollow, explosive; percassion caps, primings, 
cartridges. 

Class38, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Articles for Traveling and for Encampment Trunks, valises, sacks, 

bags, etc. ; dressing cases, trusses, etc. ; various articles, coverings, cushions, coiffures, cos- 
tumes, shoes, walking sticks, parasols, etc. 

Portable articles for traveling and scientific expeditions : photographic apparatus, instruments 
for meteorological and astronomical observations ; necessaries for geologists, mineralogists, 
naturalists, pioneer settlers; tent and camp articles; military tent furniture— beds, ham- 
mocks, folding seats, canteens, mills, ovens, etc. 
Class 39, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Toys and Gewgaws.— Dolls and playthings ; figures in wax; plays 
for children and for adults ; instructive playthings. 

Fifth Group, (Palace Gallery 5.) — Products, Wrought and Un wrought, 
of Extractive Industries. 

Class 40.— Products of Mines and Metallurgy.— Collections and specimens of rocks, ores and 
minerals; ornamental stones, marbles, serpentines, onyx, and other h ,rd stones; materials 
difficult of fusion ; earths and clays ; various mineral products, raw sulphur, rock salt, sal? 
from springs, bitumens and petroleums; samples of combustible, raw, and carbonized 
agglomerations of pit coal; raw metals, pig iron, iron, steel, copper, lead, silver, zinc, etc. ; 
metallic alloys ; products of puddlers, of refiners of precious metals, of gold-beaters, etc. 

Products of electro-metallurgy, objects coated with gold, silver, copper, steel, etc., by the gal- 
vanoplastic method, 

Products of the elaboration of raw metals, moulded castings, bells, iron of commerce, iron for 
special uses, sheet iron, tin, extra plates for constructions and for plating ships; sheet cop- 
per, lead and zinc ; wrought metals, forge work, heavy work for gates, fences, etc. ; wheels, 
tires, tubes without solder, chains, etc. 

Products of wire-mills, needles, pins, trellis work, metallic tissues, perforated plates ; hard- 
ware ; edge tools ; ironmongery ; copper, brass, plate and tin wares ; wrought metal of vari- 
ous kinds. 
Class 41, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Products of the Forest— Specimens of different species of wood: 
wood for cabinet work, and for building ; fire-wood, wood for thip-work, for walking sticks, 
for splintering ; corks ; textile barks ; tanning, coloring, odoriferous and resinous substances, 
products of forest industry; roasted and carbonized wood ; crude potash; articles of cooper- 
age, basket-work, mat- work ; sabots, etc. 
Class 42, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Products of Hunting and Fisheries, and Collections of Natural 
Growth.— Collections and drawings of terrestrial and amphibious animals, of birds, of eggs, 
fish, cetacea, Crustacea, mollusks. 

Products of hunting— furs, peltries, hair, fine and coarse, feathers, down, horns, teeth, ivory, 
bones, shells, musk, castoreum, and similar products. 

Products of fisheries— whale oil, spermaceti, whale-bone, ambergris, shells of mollusks, pearl, 
mother-of-pearl, corals, sponges, sepia, purple, etc. 

Collections from natural growth— champignons ; truffles ; wild fruits ; lichens for dyeing, for 
food, and for fodder; saps fermented; Peruvian bark, useful barks and filaments; wax; 
resinous gums ; caoutchouc ; gutta percha, etc. 
Class 43, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Agricultural Products {not used for food) of Easy Preservation.— 

Textile materials— raw cotton ; linen and hemp, dressed and not dressed ; vegetable textile 
fibres of all sorts ; wool in fleece ; cocoons of silk-worm. 

Products of agriculture used in manufactures, pharmacy and domestic economy— oleaginous 
plants, oils, wax, resins, tobacco, tinder, substances for tanning and for tinting ; fodder and 
provender preserved. 
Class 44, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products.— Acids, alkalies, salts of 
all kinds, marine salt, spring salt. 



29 

Various chemical products— wax. soap, caudles, matters for perfumery, resins, tar waters, 
essences, varnishes, coatings, waxings; manufactures of caoutchouc, of gutta-percha; sub- 
stances for dyes and colors. 

Natural and artificial mineral waters— gas waters, elementary pharmaceutic substances, simple 
and compound medicaments. 
Class 45, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Specimens of the Chemical Methods of Bleaching and Dyeing, of 
Stamping and Preparations.— Samples of yarn and tissues, dyed; samples of preparations 
for dyeing; linens, printed and dyed; tissues of printed cotton, pure and mixed; tissues of 
printed woolens, pure and mixed, combed or carded ; tissues of printed silks, pure or mixed ; 
printed carpets, of felt or cloth ; linens, painted or waxed. 
Class 46, (Palace Gallery 5.)— Leather and Skins.— Elementary matters employed ir* the prepara- 
tion of skins and leather ; hides, green and salt ; leather, tanned, curried, prepared and dyed ; 
varnished leather ; morocco and sheep-skins ; Hungary leather ; chamois skins, dressed with 
the hair or wool on ; preparations and dyes ; skins prepared for gloves ; peltry and furs pre- 
pared and dyed ; parchments. 

Articles of membrane work, cords for musical instruments, gold-beaters' skins, tendons of 
cattle, etc. 

Sixth Group, (Palace Gallery 6.) — Instruments and Processes of Com- 
mon Arts. 

Class 47 .—Apparatus and Methods of Mining and Metallurgy.— Apparatus for boring for artesian 
wells and large wells ; machines for drilling in mines, for digging coal, and for quarrying 
stone and breaking up rocks. 

Apparatus for drawing electricity from mines. 

Models, plans and views of works and labor in mines and quarries ; ladders for mines, worked 
by machines; machinery for lifting from mines; machines for exhausting and pumping; 
apparatus for airing; ventilators, safety lamps, etc.; photo-electric lamps; apparatus for 
safety parachutes; signals. 

Apparatus for the mechanical preparation of minerals ; apparatus for the agglomeration o 
combustibles. 

Apparatus for carbonizing combustibles ; furnaces and hearths for metals ; apparatus for con- 
suming smoke; machines for metallic works; special apparatus for forges and foundries; 
electro-metallurgic apparatus ; apparatus for the working of metals in all forms. 
Class 48, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Implements and Processes of Rural and Forest Work.— Plans of 
cultivation; divisions by nature of the soil; requisite manures and successions of crops 
adapted to each; materials and methods of agricultural engineering; surface draining; 
under draining ; irrigation. 

Plans and models of rural buildings ; tools, implements, machines and apparatus for preparing 
the ground for sowing, planting and harvesting; for preserving and preparing the products 
of agriculture ; materials for carts, wagons and apparatus for agricultural and rural trans- 
portation, for training and managing horses, etc. 

Fertilizing substances, organic or mineral. 

Apparatus for the chemical and physical study of soils. 

Plans for replanting, cultivating and managing forests ; implements of forest work. 
Class 49, (Palace Gallery 6.) — Apparatus and Instruments for Hunting, Fishing, and for Col- 
lecting Natural Products. — Arms, traps, snares, machines and equipments for hunting; fish- 
lines, fish-hooks, harpoons, nets, apparatus and bait for fishing ; apparatus and instruments 
for gathering products obtained without cultivation. 
Class 50, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Materials and Methods of Agricultural Works and of Alimentary 
Industry.— Apparatus for agricultural work, making manures, making pipes for drainage, 
dairies, corn and flour trade, disposal of fecula, making starch, oil, brewing, distilling, 
making sugar, refining sugar ; works for preparing textile fibres, silk-worm nurseries, etc. 

Apparatus for the preparation of food, bread-kneaders, and mechanical ovens for bakers; 
utensils for pastry and confectionery. 

Apparatus for making dough, for sea-biscuit, for chocolate, for roasting coffee, for ices and 
sorbets, and for making ice. 
Class 51, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Chemical, Pharmaceutic and Tanning Apparatus. — Apparatus and 
utensils for laboratories ; apparatus and instruments for tests and experiments in industry 
and commerce. 



30 

Machines aiid utensils used in the manufacture of chemical products, soaps, candles, etc. ; 
apparatus and processes for making essences, varnish and objects of caoutchouc and gutta- 
percha. 
Machines and apparatus for gas-works ; machines and methods for bleaching ; machines and 
preparations of pharmaceutic products ; machines and tools for work-shops, for tanning and 
dressing leather. 
Machines and apparatus for glass-works and potteries. 
Class 52, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Motors, Generators and Mechanical Apparatus especially adapted to 
the uses of the Exhibition.— -Boilers and steam generators, with safety apparatuses ; steam- 
pipes and accessory objects ; shafts, fixed and movable ; pulleys and belts ; means of starting 
and stopping, shifting and regulating the movements of machinery ; motors for furnishing 
water and the necessary motive power in the different parts of the palace and park. 
Cranes and all sorts of apparatus proposed for the handling of packages and objects in the 
palace and grounds ; rails and turn-tables proposed for use in the palace and park. 
Class 53, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Machines and Mechanical Apparatus in general.— Detached pieces 
of machinery, supports, rollers, slides, eccentrics, cog-wheels, connecting rods, parallelo- 
grams, joints, belts, systems of ropes, etc. ; mechanism for changing the gear of machinery, 
clicks, etc. ; movement regulators and moderators; greasing apparatus. 
Indicators and registers, dynamometers, manometers, weighing apparatus, gauges and appara- 
tus for gauging liquids and gases ; machines for handling heavy objects, hydraulic elevators, 
pumps, water-wheels, rams, etc. ; wheel and chain buckets for irrigation, reservoirs, wheels, 
wheels with vertical shaft, machines a colonne d'eau. (water-pressures;) steam machinery, 
boilers, generators, and accessory apparatus, condensers ; machines moved by the vapor of 
ether*, chloroform, ammoniac, or by combined vapors. 
Gas engines, air engines, compressed air engines ; electro-magnetic motors, wind-mills, etc. ; 
aerostats. 
Class 54, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Machine Tools.— Machine tools for preparatory wood-work ; turning 
lathes ; planing and boring machines ; mortising, piercing and cutting machines ; screw-cut- 
ting, nut-cutting and riveting machines ; various tools belonging to the yards of mechanical 
constructors. 
Tools, machines and apparatus used in pressing, crushing, mixing, sawing, polishing, etc. ; 
special machine tools for various uses. 
Class 55, (Palace Gallery 6.) — Apparatus and Methods of Spinning and Rope-making. — Apparatus 
for hand-spinning ; detached parts of spinning machines ; machines and apparatus for pre- 
paring and spinning textile materiel. 
Apparatus and methods adapted to the complementary operations, such as drawing out, wind- 
ing off, twisting, milling, dressing, etc. 
Apparatus for classifying and determining the condition of the threads. 

Apparatus of rope-yards ; round, fiat and diminishing cables, rope and twine, wire cables, cables 
with metallic center, fuses, quick-matcbes, etc. 
Class 56, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Apparatus and Methods of Weaving.— Preparatory apparatus for 
weaving; machinery for warping and for bobbins; glazing and smoothing; ordinary and 
power looms for plain tissues and for figured tissues ; loom reeds ; electrical looms ; carpet 
and tapestry looms ; mesh looms for hosiery and tulle ; apparatus for making lace, for fringes 
and for trimmings ; looms for high warping and methods of shuttling ; accessory apparatus, 
calenders, crimping, weaving, measuring and folding machines, etc. 
Class 57, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Apparatus and Processes of Sewing and Making Clothes.— Ordinary 
instruments for cutting, and sewing, and making ; machines for sewing, quilting and embroi- 
dering ; tools for cutting up stuffs and leather for clothes, shoes, etc. ; machines for screwing, 
nailing and making shoes and boots. 
Class 58, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Apparatus and Methods of making Furniture and Household 
Objects.— Machines for veneering; saws for cutting in profile, etc. ; machines for mouldings 
and frames, for ornamental floor work and furniture work, etc. ; turning lathes, and various 
apparatus for joiners 1 and cabinet-makers 1 shops; machines for pressing and stamping; 
machines and apparatus for working in stucco, in paste-board, in ivory, in bone, in horn ; 
machines for pointing, sculpturing and reducing statues, and for engraving and chasing. 
Machines for sawing and polishing hard stones, marble, etc. 
Class 59, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Apparatus and Methods of Paper-making, Coloring and Stamping. — 
Apparatus for stamping paper, colors and tissues ; machines for engraving cylinders ; appara- 
tus for bleaching, coloring, preparing paper and tissues ; apparatus for making paper in vats 



31 

and by machines ; apparatus for crimping, ruling, glazing and pressing paper ; machines for 
cutting, paring and stamping paper, etc. ; apparatus and materials for letter casting, stereo- 
typing, etc. 

Machines and apparatus employed in stereotyping, mezzotinting, autography, lithography, 
chalcography, paniconography, chromo-lithography, etc. ; printing of postage stamps ; ma- 
chines for composing and for classifying letters. 
Class 60, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Machinery, Instruments and Methods used in various Works. — 

Machinery for stamping money, for making buttons, pens, pins, envelops, brushes, cards, cap- 
sules, for loading merchandise, aud for corking and capping bottles. 

Tools and methods of making lock-works, toys, ornamental boxes, baskets, etc. 
Class 61, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Carriage and Cart Work.— Separate pieces of carriage and cart 
work, wheels, bands, axles, wheel-boxes, tires, etc. ; springs, and various methods of sus- 
pension, systems of tackling and brakes: specimens of carts and vehicles for special uses, 
public carriages, private carriages, state carriages, hand carriages, litters, sleighs and veloci- 
pedes. 
Class 62, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Harness-work and Saddlery.— Articles of harness-work, buckles, 
ornaments, etc. 

Saddles, donkey saddles, cacolet ; harness and bridles for riding, harness for draught, stirru ps, 
spurs, whips, etc. 
Class 63, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Materials for Railroads and Cars.— Separate pieces, springs, buf- 
fers, brakes, etc. 

Fixed materials, rails, chairs, splices, switches, turn-tables, tenders, watering cranes, reser- 
voirs, signals for sight and sound ; rolling materials, wagons for earth-work, for merchandis e, 
for cattle, for travelers. 

Locomotives, tenders, etc. ; machinery and tools of work-shops, for repairs and reconstruc - 
tions. 

Material and machines for inclined planes and self-working inclin es. 

Material and machines for atmospheric railways; models of machinery; systems of traction, 
apparatus applicable to iron roads ; models, plans and drawings of termini, stations, sh eds 
and out-houses, necessary to railways. 
Class 64, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Apparatus and Methods of Telegraphing. — Telegraphic apparatus, 
based on the transmission of light, sound, etc. 

Apparatus of the electrical telegraph, supports, conductors, tighteners, electrical batteries ; 
apparatus for sending and receiving dispatches; bells and electrical signals; accessory 
objects for the service ; lightning-rods, commutators, prepared papers for printing, and auto- 
graphic transmissions ; special apparatus for submarine telegraphs. 
Class 65, (Palace Gallery 6.) — Materials and Methods adapted to Civil Engineering, Public Works, 
and Architecture. — Materials for building, wood, metals, ornamental stones, lime, mortar, 
cements, artificial stone, beton, tiles, brick, slate, paste-board and felt, for roofing. 

Materials and specimens of preserved wood, apparatus and methods of testing materials ; 
materials of works? for embankments, excavating machines; apparatus for stone-cutters' 
yards; tools and methods for draughtsmen, stone-cutters, masons, carpenters, roofers, tilers, 
slaters, locksmiths, joiners, glaziers, plumbers, house-painters, etc. 

Ornamental iron-work, locks, padlocks, railings, balconies, oanisters, etc. 

Materials and machines for foundation work, pile-drivers, piles, screw-posts, pumps, pneu- 
matic apparatus, dredging machines, etc. ; machines for hydraulic work, sea-ports, canals, 
rivers, etc.; materials and apparatus used in water-works and gas-works; materials for 
repairing roads, plantations and public works. 

Models, plans and drawings of public works, bridges, viaducts, aqueducts, sewers, canal 
bridges, etc. 

Light-houses, public monuments for special purposes, private buildings, hotels and houses to 
let, workmen's residences, etc. 
Class 66, (Palace Gallery 6.)— Navigation and Salvage.— Drawings and models of ships, docks, 
floating docks, etc. 

Drawings and models of all kinds of vessels for river and maritime navigation ; types and 
models adopted by the navy; apparatus employed in navigation ; boats and various craft; 
ship-chandlery; flags, signals, buoys, beacons, etc.; mater, als and apparatus for swimming 
exerciser, for diving and for salvage; floats, diving bells, nautile impermealle clothing, 
submarine boats, apparatus for marine salvage, carrying hawsers, life-boats, etc. 



32 
Seventh Group. — (Palace Gallery 7.) — Food, fresh or preserved, in 

VARIOUS STAGES OF PREPARATION. 

Class 67.— Cereals and other Farinaceous Edibles, with their derivatives.— Wheat, rye, barley, 
maize, rice, millet, and other cereals in grain or flour; hulled grain, meal. 
Farina of potatoes, rice, lentils, etc. ; glutens— tapioca, sago, arrowroot, cassava, maizena 

and other fecula; specimens of mixed meal?, etc. 
Italian pastes, semoull, vermicelli, macaroni; alimentary compositions as substitutes for bread 
ribbon, vermicelli, pulp, domestic pastes, etc. 
Class 63. (Palace Gallery 7.)— Baking and, Pastry Cooking.— Various kinds of bread, with or with- 
out yeast; fancy and figured bread; compressed bread, for traveling, campaigning, etc.; sea 
biscuits ; specimens of pastry peculiar to every nation ; gingerbread and dry cakes susceptible 
of preservation. 
Class 69, (Palace Gallery 7.)— Fat Alimentary Substances, Milk, Eggs— Fats and edible oils, fresh 

and preserved milk, fresh and salt butter, cheese, various kinds of eggs. 
Class 70, (Palace Gallery 7.) — Meat and Fish. — Fresh and salt meat of various kinds; meat 
preserved by different methods; cakes of meat, and portable soup; hams and preparations of 
meat; fowl and game; fresh and salt fish; barreled fish; codfish, hearings, etc. 
Fish preserved in oil; sardines, pickled tunny, etc.; Crustacea and shells; lobsters, prawns, 
oysters, preserved oysters, anchovies, etc. 
Class 71, (Palace Gallery 7.)— Vegetables and Fruit.— Tubers, potatoes, etc.; dry farinaceous 
vegetables, beans, lentils, etc. ; green vegetables for cooking, cabbages, etc. ; vegetable roots, 
carrots, turnips, etc. ; spicy vegetables, onions, garlic, etc. 
Salad, curcurbita, pumpkins, melons ; vegetables preserved in salt, vinegar, or by acetic fer- 
mentation, sauerkraut, etc. ; vegetables preserved by various methods; fresh fruits, dry and 
prepared fruits, plums, figs, grapes, etc. ; fruits preserved without the aid of sugar. 
Class 72, (Palace Gallery 7 .)— Condiments and Stimulants, Sugars and Specimens of Confection- 
ery. — Spices, pepper, cirnamon, pimento, etc. ; table salt, vinegar, compound seasonings and 
stimulants, mustard, curry, English sauces, etc.; tea, coffee, and aromatic beverages; 
coffee of chiccoryand sweet acorns; chocolate, sugar for domestic use, sugar of grapes, 
milk, etc. 
Various specimens of confectionery, comfits, sugar plums, melting plums, nougats, angelicas, 
aniseeds, etc.; sweetmeats and jellies, preserved fruits, citrons, cedras, oranges, apples, 
pineapples; brandy fruit, sirups, and sugary liquids. • 

Class 73, (Palace Gallery 7.)— Fermented Drinks.— Ordinary red and white wines, sweet and 
mulled wines, sparkling wines, cider, perry, and other drinks extracted from fruit. 
Beer and other drinks drawn from cereals ; fermented drinks, drawn from vegetable saps ; milk 
and saccharine substances of all kinds ; brandy and alcohol ; spirituous drinks, gin, rum, 
tafia, kirschwasser, etc. 

Eighth Group. — Animals and specimens of agricultural estab- 
lishments. 

Class 74, (Park.)— Specimens of Rural Work and of Agricultural Establishments.— Types of rural 

buildings of various countries ; materials of stables, cow-houses, ox-stalls, kennels, etc. ; 

apparatus for preparing food for animals, agricultural machinery in movement; steam plows, 

reapers, mowers, haymakers, threshing machines, etc. 

Types of agricultural manufactures, distilleries, sugar mills, refineries, breweries, flour mills, 

fecula and starch manufactures, silkworm nurseries, etc. 
Presses for wine, cider, oil, etc. 

Class 75, (Park.)— Horses, Donkeys, Mules, etc.— Animals presented as characteristic of the art of 
breeding in all countries; specimens of stables. 

Class 76, (Park.)— Oxen, Buffaloes, etc.— Animals presented as specimens of the art of breeding in 
each country; cow-houses and ox-stables. 

Class 77, (Park.)— Sheep, Goats.— Animals presented as examples of the art of breeding in each 
country; types of sheepfolds, pens, and similar establishments. 

Class 78, (Park.)— Swine, Rabbits, e«c.~Animals presented, etc. ; types of hog-pens, and struc- 
tures for raising animals of this class. 

Class 79, (Park.)— Poultry Animals presented, etc. ; types of poultry-houses, dovecotes, pheas- 

antries, etc. ; apparatus for artificial hatching. 



33 

Class 80, (Park.)— Hunting and Watch Dogs.-— Shepherds' dogs, hunting dogs, watch dogs ; types 
of kennels and apparatus for training. 

Class 81, (Park.) — Useful Insects — Bees, silkworms, and various bombyxes, cochineal, insects 
for producing lac, etc. : apparatus for breeding silkworms, bees, etc. 

Class 82, (Park,) — Fish, Crustacea, Mollusca. — Living aquatic useful animals; aquariums, appara- 
tus used in breeding fish, mollusca and leeches. 

Ninth Group. — Live products and specimens of horticultural 
establishments. 

Class 83, (Park.) — Hot Houses and Horticultural Materials.— Tools for gardeners, nurserymen, and 
horticulturists; apparatus for watering and for dressing grass plots, etc, 
Large hot houses and their accessories ; small green-houses for apartments and for windows ; 
aquariums for aquatic plants ; water jets and other apparatus for ornamenting gardens. 

Class 84, (Park.)— Flowers and Ornamental Plants.— Species of plants and specimens of cultiva- 
tion representing the characteristic types of garden and house plants of every country. 

Class 85, (Park.)— Kitchen Garden Plants.— Species of plants and specimens of cultivation repre- 
senting the characteristic types of kitchen gardens in all countries, 

Class 86, (Park.)— Fruit Trees.— Species of plants and specimens characteristic of the orchards 
in all countries ; slips of forest species. 

Class 87, (Park.)— Seeds and Useful Forest Plants%-S-pecies of plants and specimens of culture 
indicating the methods of replanting forests in different countries. 

Class 88 (Park.)— Hot-house Plants. —Specimens of the culture of various countries, with a view 
to utility and ornament. 

Tenth Group. — Objects exhibited with a special view to the ame- 
lioration OF THE MORAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION. 

Class 89, (Palace Gallery 2— Park.)— Materials and Methods of Teaching Children.— .Plans and 
models of school houses, of school furniture, apparatus, instruments, models, wall-maps, 
etc., desired for facilitating the teaching of children ; elementary collections suitable for 
teaching ordinary science ; models of designs, tables, and apparatus suitable for teaching 
singing and music. 

Apparatus and tables for instructing the deaf and dumb, and the blind; school-books, atlases, 
maps, pictures, periodical publications, and journals for education. 

Works of scholars of both sexes. 
Class 90, (Palace Gallery 2 — Park.) — Libraries and Materials for Instruction of Adults, in the 
Family, the Workshop, the Commercial and Corporation Schools.— Works proper for family 
libraries, for the masters in workshops, cultivators, commercial teachers, mariners, traveling 
naturalists, etc. 

Almanacs, memorandum books, and other publications suitable for traveling venders. 

Materials for school libraries, commercial libraries, etc. 

Materials for the technical teaching necessary in certain manual pursuits. 
Class 91, (Palace Galleries 3, 4, and 7.)— Furniture, Clothing and Food, of all origins, dis- 
tinguished for useful qualities, united with cheapness. — Methodical collection of objects 
enumerated in the third, fourth and seventh groups, supplied to commerce by large factories 
or by master-workmen, and specially recommended by their adaptation to good domestic 
economy. 

Note.— The price and place of sale should be indicated on each object. 
Class 92, (Palace Gallery 4.)— Specimens of Popular Costumes of Different Countries — Method- 
ical collection of costumes of both sexes, for all ages, and for pursuits the most characteristic 
of each country. 

Note Choice should be made of costumes best adapted to. the respective climate, profes- 
sion and peculiar tastes of each people, and which, in these respects, are most in harmony 
in each country with national traditions. These costumes will be exhibited, as far as pos- 
sible, on lay^figures. 



34: 

Class 93, <J*ax)s..)— Specimens of Habitations characterized by Cheapness, uniting Sanitary con- 
ditions and Comfort.— .Types of habitations for families, suitable for various classes of laborers 
in each country. 

Types of habitations proposed for workmen belonging to manufactories in the suburbs or in the 
country. 
Class 94, (Palace and Park. )— Products of all Sorts made by Master-workmen— ■Methodical 
collection of products enumerated in preceding groups, made by workmen who work on 
their own account, either alone or with their families or an apprentice, for sale or for domes- 
tic use. 

Note.— Such products only will be admitted into this class as are distinguished for their own 
qualities, novelty, perfection of the method of work, or by the useful influence this kind of 
work may exercise on the moral and physical condition of the people. 
Class 95, (Palace Gallery 6— Park.)— Instuments jxnd Methods of Work peculiar to Master-work- 
men.— Instruments and processes (enumerated in sixth group) employed habitually by work- 
men working on their own account, or specially adapted to work done in the family or in 
the family circle. 

Manual works which display in a striking manner dexterity, intelligence or taste of the 
workman. 

Manual works which from various causes have most successfully resisted the competition of 
machines. 

9 

After the adoption and promulgation of the foregoing, a " New 
Order of Recompenses" was established by Imperial decree in 
favor of those persons, establishments or communities who, by an 
organization or special institutions, have developed entire harmony 
among those who are engaged in the same work, and have assured 
to the laborers material, moral and intellectual welfare.* 

*The General Regulations, embracing the system of classification, special dispositions con- 
cerning works of art and the productions of agriculture and industry, were approved by decree 
dated July 12, 1865. 

The following is the table of dates assigned to divers operations of the Exposition: 

Table Recapitulating the dates assigned to the divers operations of the Exposition. 

Dates assigned. Nature of the operations. 

Before August 15, 1865 Appointing committees of admission for the French section, and 

notifying the foreign commissions of the space granted for the 
productions of their countrymen. 

Before August 25, 1865 Constituting departmental committees, inviting French exhibit- 
ors, and notifying them of the space allotted in the French 
section to each class of products named in the system of classi- 
fication. 

Before October 31, 1865 Sending applications for admission and claims concerning admis- 
sion of French exhibitors to the Imperial Commission. 

Before Octoher 31, 1865 Prepaiing and sending to the Imperial Commission, by the for- 
eign commissioners, the plan of organization of their country- 
men, drawn on a scale of Om.002 to the metre. 

Before December 31, 1865 Preparing detailed plans of arrangements on a scale of 0™.020 to 

the metre for the French section ; notifying French exhibitors 
of their admission. 

Before January 31, 1866 Preparing and sending by the foreign commissions the detailed 

plan of arrangements of their countrymen, on a scale of Om.020 
to the metre, and of information intended for the ofl&cial cata- 
logue. 

Before December 1, 1866 Finishing the palace and the buildings in the park. 

Before January 1, 1867 Notifying French artists of their admission. 



35 

It will probably be agreed that the above classification does 
comprehend " the manifestations of all branches of human indus- 
try," at least among civilized peoples, and so far as such mani- 
festations could be usefully placed in view before the world at an 
international exhibition. Few, if any, can even read it thought- 
fully without acquiring broader views of human life, its wants 
and resources; or without a recognition of the learning and 
great practical knowledge ot the gentlemen who framed it. 

If the classification was perfect, the structures to render its 
advantages practically available were not less so. The serious 
errors committed in the erection of the English Crystal Palace, 
by which the arrangement of each nation's contribution was made 
as an entirety, without reference to the placement of that of any 
other, and by which, the building being divided into stories, visit- 
ors were compelled to climb stairways, were both avoided in this. 
The whole exhibition surface was on the same level, and ample 
avenues, radiating and concentric, permitted the easy circulation of 
immense crowds on foot, and gave access to every nook and corner 
for old persons, invalids or others who chose to avail themselves 
of the licensed luxury of easy chairs on wheels. The natural- 
ness, simplicity and adaptation of the classification, the building, 
and indeed the whole machinery ol the exhibition, to the ends in 

Before January 15, 1867 Finishing the special arrangements for exhibitors in the palace 

and in the park. 

Before March 6, 1867 Admission of foreign products at the seaports and frontier towns 

indicated in article 44 of the general regulations, with permis- 
sion for them to be forwarded to the Exposition, which shall 
be used as an actual custom-house depot. 
From Jan. 15 to Mar. 10, 1867 . .Beceiving and unpacking goods in the Exposition. 
From Mar. 11 to Mar. 28, 18< 7. .Arranging the goods unpacked in the spaces ascribed for them. 

March 29 and 30, 1867 General cleaning of all parts of the palace and park. 

March 3J , 1867 Inspection of the whole Exposition. 

April 1, 1867 Opening of the Exposition. 

October 31, 1867 Closing of the Exposition. 

Nov. 1 to Nov. 30, 1867 Eemoval of goods and of fixtures. 

The first notice of the foregoing was received by Governor Oglesby and transmitted to me on 
the 27th September, 1865— obviously so late as to render an active participation by the people of 
this State out of the question, unless the time prescribed for presenting admission claims should 
be extended. By the earnest representations of Governor Oglesby and others, this was effected ; 
although the delay in obtaining the decision, together with the failure to communicate it defi- 
nitely, fully and promptly when obtained, seriously impaired its value. It is due to say in this 
connection that, so far as my present information extends, the Imperial Commission never, in a 
single instance, failed to respond favorably to an application having for its object to facilitate or 
improve the exhibition by citizens of the United States. If, in the preparatory work, or during 
the progress of the Exposition, embarrassment was encountered by any American exhibitor, I 
am fully persuaded it originated in his own failure to exercise due diligence, or in the lack of 
the requisite executive ability, address and practical intelligence on the part of the Commissioner 
General, to whose discretion without available appeal, our own Government had confided the 
administration of affairs. 



,36 

view, were in essential features faultless. "Whether for a six 
months' study in the minutest detail, or the hurried glance of a 
single day's walk through the many miles of aisles and galleries, 
nothing could be more convenient. Was it desired to look at the 
whole contribution from any one nation ? it was to be found com- 
pactly together, all its parts easily reached, bearing in its ensemble 
the impress of its nationality. Was it desired to look at articles 
in any one particular class from all nations ? a tour around the 
palace in the proper concentric gallery sufficed : the limit of space 
occupied by each nation being plainly marked on an over-hanging 
sign in view as you approached the radiating avenues on either 
side, and at every turn was a similar sign with an arrow indicating 
the direction of the River Seine. Such was the theory of the 
internal arrangement of the Palace, and it was adhered to in the 
main with marked exactness. Departures from it, occasioned by 
a superabundance or deficiency of objects in proportion to assigned 
space, were neither frequent nor extensive. 

On the 25th day of September, 1865, the Imperial Commission 
took possession of Champ de Mars, a rough surface of 103-| acres. 
The Palace proper covered about 35-J acres. The substratum of 
the foundation was laid fourteen feet below the surface level; 
seven kilometers (four and two-thirds miles) of subterranean gal- 
leries were constructed for water-pipes, ventilators and drainage ; 
8,500 tons of cast and plate iron and 15,000,000 iron bolts were 
used in the building. One firm, furnishing 3,500 tons of the iron, 
employed on the work an average of 400 men per day for eight 
months. The two innermost and shortest galleries of the Palace 
were of masonry, the other seven of iron. The outer gallery, 
forming the great machinery nave, was 3,900 feet in length, mid- 
dle line, 114 feet 10 inches wide, 82 feet high — its gracefully 
arched sheet-iron roof being supported by 88 ribs, resting on 176 
iron pillars, which latter were 83 feet long, and weighed 2,400 
pounds each. In the middle of this immense gallery, and extend- 
ing throughout its entire length, was the elevated cast-iron prome- 
nade, on which the Imperial cortege made the circuit on the 
opening day, and which sustained the double line of shafting pro- 
pelling the machinery on either side. Light was admitted through 
windows in the sides of this nave, which were sufficiently elevated 
above the adjacent portions of the Palace for the purpose. All 



37 

the other galleries received light through their glazed roofs, the 
intensity of it being toned down as needful by cloth suspended 
underneath. 

The Central Garden, embellished with fountains, flower bor- 
ders and a profusion of fine statuary, was a gem, the refreshing 
beauty of which no visitor will forget, and which many a tired 
sight-seer enjoyed while availing himself or herself of the cheap 
luxury of a chair* under the covered gallery on the border. A 
pavilion of tasteful architectural outline, harmonizing with the 
fairy-like surroundings, occupied the center of this garden, and 
was used for the exhibition of specimens of the moneys, weights 
and measures in use by the nations choosing to be represented. 
The object of the exhibition was to direct the attention of all to 
the importance of a world-wide uniformity in these fundamental 
elements of commercial intercourse among nations : a grand idea 
centrally exposed. 

The water supply of the Exposition was on the basis of the 
quantity required by a city of 100,000 inhabitants — 10,000 cubic 
meters per day ; being 100 litres (about 25 gallons) to each person. 
On the heights across the Seine, called the Trocadero — once the 
site of a convent garden, now owned by the State, and recently 
fashioned into beautiful avenues, walks and terraced slopes — was 
constructed a reservoir of 4,000 cubic meters capacity, b2 meters 
above the ground level of the Palace. This was kept filled by 
five powerful engines and pumps, and the water returned across 
the river on the Bridge of Iena to the Park, where it was dis- 
tributed throughout the Palace and grounds by means of a system 
of conduits of suitable capacity. The same engines and pumps 
also supplied a reservoir at the water-works, (No. 44 on the map 
of the Park,) the character of which was concealed by the mimic 
ruins of an old tower, from the base of which latter fell a cascade to 
the lake below. The main pipe from the upper reservoir, having a 
diameter of about 14 inches, traversed the Palace its entire length 

* In all places of resort in Paris where the people frequently assemble in large numbers, such 
as Champs Elysees, the Garden of the Tuileries, Bois de Boulogne, and the various parks, are 
found, in addition to settees for the use of which there is no charge, chairs, usually of iron, 
with spring bottoms, which are let by women at two sous each for one sitting— the time of 
occupancy unlimited. The revenue from this source must be very large in the aggregate, and 
the custom itself would, perhaps, meet with decided favor among the women and children 
attending our fairs and other public gatherings, and who often suffer seriously for want of 
some such convenience. 



38 

to the Grand Boulevard beyond, and there branched off in a spray 
of lesser pipes, to supply, under a pressure equal to three atmos- 
pheres,* the fountains, fire-plugs and other demands upon the 
water service in the Park. At the Central Garden this main was 
also tapped by many small pipes running to all parts of the Pal- 
ace, for use in case of fire. The water designed for drinking and 
for the aquariums was filtered. The original cost of these con- 
structions was about $40,000. The expense of their operation 
during the Exposition was probably defrayed by the charge of 
ten centimes (about two cents) per cubic meter of water furnished 
to such private persons and companies as demanded to use it. 

Of the Park a correct idea of the ground plan may be obtained 
from the accompanying map; and the student of landscape gar- 
dening will not fail to observe that in the entire plat, executed by 
the best artists of a nation confessedly in advance of all others in 
horticulture, floriculture and rural adornment, there are but two 
or three regular figures of the two hundred and fi.ty, nor even a 
straight line except when required by one of the two main ave- 
nues which intersect in the Central Garden; nor is any form 
repeated. I do not speak of the buildings, but only of the ground 
plan, as it came from the hands of the designer. 

The boulevards, avenues and paths were all graveled and kept 
thoroughly rolled and sprinkled, the shrubbery, flower-beds and 
borders maintained in the greatest luxuriance of growth and 
beauty; the flowering plants were removed as they ceased to 
bloom, and others substituted as the season progressed. 

Add to the features already noticed that the police, postal and 
telegraphic arrangements were faultless; that the preparations 
and appointments at the Island of Billancourt for the exhibition 
of domestic animals and special agricultural operations were all 
that could have been desired ; that the transportation service was 
ample for this extraordinary occasion ; and they form a master- 
piece, a veritable chef d'ceuvre of genius, learning and mechani- 
cal skill, of which any nation might be justly proud. If France 
had contented herself with no other exhibition than the classifica- 
tion, the Palace and other arrangements for the Universal Expo- 
sition of 1867, as they came from the hands of the Imperial 
Commission, these alone would have entitled her, in the judg- 

* An elevator, carrying ten passengers to a landing on the roof abont 78 feet above the ground, 
ms in constant opei ation by hydraulic pressure, making the trip in two minutes. 



39 

ment of every fair-minded man cognizant of the facts and realiz- 
ing the character and magnitude of the enterprise, to a position 
in the front rank of progressive nations. Differing as we do in 
opinion, toto ccelo, with those who would sustain arbitrary gov- 
ernment anywhere in any form, we may nevertheless recognize 
the moral courage of an Emperor who has dared to invite all other 
nations of Christendom to a comparison of their respective pro- 
gress in art, science and industry, in the heart of his own Empire 
and under the eyes of his own people 

From what has been said, the classification and figures given, 
supplemented by the ground-plan and elevation, one may obtain 
a tolerably correct idea of the magnitude and general character 
of the preparatory work ; of the interior and exterior of the 
Palace, with its concentric galleries for groups and its radiating 
avenues for sections ; of the space occupied by each nation, and 
its relative position ; of the Park, with its graceful subdivisions 
of surface, its boulevards, avenues, streets and walks, (forming, 
with those of the Palace, an aggregate of fifty -five miles,) its 
gardens, lawns and lakes. But figures and plans and words can 
furnish only the mere formal lines of the picture. I would like 
to show you at least the grand panorama, as it was enjoyed by 
thousands every bright afternoon during the summer of 1867, 
from the heights of the Trocadero, facing east In the back- 
ground, on the extreme left, was Montmartre ; then the cemetery 
of Pere la Chaise; in front, the woods of Yincennes; to the 
right, Sevres and the Palace of St Cloud ; in the body of the 
picture was the chief part of old Paris, with the dome of the 
Pantheon, the spires of Notre Dame, the Palace of the Tuileries, 
the Palace of Industry, and the Hotel des Invalides — all monu- 
mental in European history ; in the fore-ground, the Palace of the 
Exposition, with its motley group of secondary structures from 
which streamed the ensigns of every nationality ; still closer, the 
Seine, bearing upon its bosom, in gala-dress, innumerable craft 
burdened with gay crowds of passengers — steamers, yachts, life- 
boats, skiffs, flitting here and there, as business or pleasure called; 
the throngs of vehicles of all descriptions, from the slight veloci- 
pede to the cars of the "American Railway,"* or the scarcely less 

*A horse railway, and the only one, I believe, in France. It extends from near the center of 
the city down the right bank of the Seine several miles. 



40 

ponderous turn-out of some resident foreign minister, covering 
the avenues bordering the quays of the river in front of the grand 
porte. 

The folly of attempting to describe, in a report, or to even 
name in detail, the contents of the Palace and Park, if not 
already apparent, will be entirely so when it is stated that in the 
former there were twenty-five thousand tons of objects for exhibi- 
tion, exclusive of the machinery, and that the simple catalogue 
covers two thousand pages, averaging more than twenty to the 
page. I would be glad, of course, to present you an intelligible 
picture of the whole ; of the Park, with its gaudy array of Ori- 
ental palaces, temples, mosques, kiosques, churches, cottages, 
school houses, hospitals, pavilions, theater, club house, tents, 
stables, dairies, restaurants, cafes, bakeries, light houses, aqua- 
riums, green-houses, trees, plants, flowers, colossal statuary, steam 
engines, pumps, chimes of bells, bands of music, displays of 
military equipments, ordnance, ambulances, sanitary stores, etc., 
etc. ; of the Palace, filled with the choicest offerings of forty -four 
thousand exhibitors, representing the activities of the people of 
every clime, their present status in science, art, education, and 
even their domestic life ; of the veritable people themselves, from 
the red man of the North American forest, (the "poor Indian" 
and his squaw were there,) or the Egyptian sitting cross-legged 
on his dromedary, up through all the gradations of higher civili- 
zation and culture — so variant in appearance and diverse in man- 
ners, customs, feature, color, costume, taste, and grades of intelli- 
gence, as to stagger belief in the doctrine which asserts for the 
human species unity of origin. Failing in this, I shall confine 
myself to the special mention of a few things among the many — 
selecting even those few, not because of their real merit or promi- 
nence, but because my tastes or duties brought them more par- 
ticularly under my notice. 

For the first time, it was attempted in this Exposition to collect 
and arrange scientifically such monuments, land-marks and ves- 
tiges of the past as should impart, at a single comprehensive 
glance, a just impression of the industrial progress of the human 
family, from the gray twilight of civilization on the plains of Asia 
down to the present era— leaving to other portions of the Exposi- 
tion to supply the exhibit for this century, and complete the 
panorama of the "Plistory of Labor." 



4:1 

The classification of epochs adopted by the Imperial Commis- 
sion relates exclusively to France, but is not intended to assume 
that the civilizing forces have produced similar development else- 
where, or that the successive eras have been everywhere identi- 
cal in point of time. This is all, doubtless, it was best to attempt. 
Whatever diversity may exist will be well and only ascertained 
by comparison and study of collections, after this initiative shall 
have worked out its expected result by stimulating scientific 
research in fields promising still further discovery. A territory 
so isolated as Great Britain, for instance, must, in the earliest 
periods, have been slowly and feebly impressed by civilizing 
forces originating on the Continent ; and hence its eras, if even 
characterized by similar development, may have widely differed 
from those of France in point of time. The French division is 
as follows : 

First Epoch.— Gaul before the use of metal. Utensils in bone and stone, with hones of ani- 
mals that have disappeared from the soil of France, but are found with these utensils — showing 
the age to which they belong. 

Second Epoch.— Independent Gaul. Arms and utensils in bronze and stone. Objects in terra 
cotla. 

Third Epoch.— Gaul during the Roman rule. Bronzes, arms, Gaulish coins, jewelry, figures 
in clay; red and black potteries, encrusted enamels, etc. 

Fourth Epoch.— The Franks to the crowning of Charlemagne, (800.) Bronzes, coins, jewels, 
arms, pottery ; manuscripts, charts, etc. 

Fifth Epoch.— The Carlovingians, from the commencement of the ninth to the end of the 
eleventh centuries. Ivory, sculptures, bronzes, coins, seals, jewels, arms, MS., charts, etc. 

Sixth Epoch.— The middle ages, from the commencement of the twelfth century to Louis XI, 
inclusive, (1483.) Sculpture, (statuary and ornamental,) ivory, wood, furniture, bronzes, coins, 
seals, jewels, arms and armor, MS. in miniature, enamels, pottery, stained glass, tapestry, 
embroidery, dresses, etc. [There seems to be a singular omission in the failure to enumerate 
specimens of typography. Printing was introduced into Paris in the year 1470, but is not em- 
braced in the items for this nor indeed auy other epoch.— R.] 

Seventh Epoch.— The Renaissance, from Charles VIII to Henry IV, (1610.) Sculpture, (statu- 
ary and ornamental,) ivory, sculptured wood, bronzes, coins, medallions, seals, jewels, arms, 
cutlery, watch-making, miniatures, MS., painted enamels, varnishes, pottery, pottery called 
Henry II, and Bernard Palissy, glass-work, stained glass, tapestry, embroidery, buildings, etc. 

Eighth Epoch.— Reigns of Louis XIII and XIV, (1610 to 1715.) Sculptures, ivories, furniture, 
bronzes, coins, medallions, seals, jewels, arms, watches, miniatures, MS., enamels, pottery of 
Nevers and Rouen, Porcelain of Rouen and St. Cloud, marqueterie, (mosaic,) tapestry, embroi- 
dery, etc. 

Ninth Epoch.— Reign of Louis XV, (1715 to 1774.) Objects as in the last epoch. Varnishes, 
pottery, (Martin,) porcelains of Chantilly, Mennecy, Vincennes and Sevres ; pottery of Moustiers, 
Marseilles, Alsace, Lorraine and Picardy. 

Tenth Epoch.— The reign of Louis XVI and the Revolution, (1774 to]1800.) 

In this, as, indeed, in almost every other class, France contri- 
butes most abundantly, occupying seven considerable halls. The 
relics of remotest antiquity are of course those which characterize 
the age of rough stone — tools rudely hewn by blows out of flint, 
resembling the arrows, axes, etc., found in America; and referred 
6 



42 

to nomadic people who lived in France "thousands of years" 
prior to the time of the Celts and Gauls in the sixteenth century 
before Jesus Christ. Then come implements of war and the 
chase ; still fashioned of stone, but of considerable variety, and 
with polished surfaces. The dawn of liberal art is signalized by 
drawings of natural objects on ivory. One of these is the figure 
of a mammoth, and is supposed to settle the question of the 
co-existence of the human and the species of animals, now extinct, 
which it represents. Then succeeds the age of bronze, with its 
improvement in the arts. The seventh century shows us manu- 
scripts — rude enough — relating chiefly to religious subjects, and 
heralding that Catholicism which dominated the middle ages. 
The iron relics of this period are much less well preserved than 
the bronze. Architecture shows itself at an early period, and 
seems to have advanced comparatively with great rapidity. 

In the middle ages, manuscripts, medals, statuettes (among 
them an equestrian one of the "Maid of Orleans, and which pro- 
bably bears little resemblance to the original) abound. As we 
follow along down the stream of time, sculpture improves ; pot- 
tery assumes a higher order of art ; manuscripts and maps increase 
in numbers ; tapestry, embroidery, glass-works, painting, watches, 
objects in silver and gold, printing,, clothing, fire-arms, etc., 
gradually draw us to the world as it is. 

The English collection, made up from the public and private 
museums of the kingdom, possessed more interest for me than 
any other, doubtless because so many of the objects were asso- 
ciated with personages who figured in English history. The 
series begins at the pre-historic period, with the rude implements 
common to it — warlike instruments of the time of the earlier 
invasions, and bronzes ; then some specimens of armor, enough 
to convince the most skeptical that "there were giants in those 
days" of the middle ages; watches, plate services and wassail- 
bowls of mammoth proportions and elaborate workmanship; 
swords, helmets, miniatures of celebrated persons ; religious rel- 
ics ; some magnificent cups given on the race-course as prizes ; 
and a thousand other objects, admirably arranged, serving to show 
that England has progressed from barbarism to the position she 
now occupies in the world. 

The exhibitions in this class by Eussia, Switzerland, Portugal, 
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Austria and the Low Countries 



43 

were more or less of value in determining the various problems 
dependent upon this sort of testimony for their solution. None 
was so nearly complete and full as that of France, and none more 
attractive to the general visitor than that of England. 

Through the entire class, the ceramic art supplies a large pro- 
portion of the objects. Few relate to agriculture, whose history 
in earlier times, save among the Egyptians, seems to have been 
"written in sand." Most, especially those of France, connect 
themselves with successive religious developments, and appear to 
demonstrate that in all ages man has been governed by ideas 
having their source in the devotional element of his character.* 
The variety and profusion of weapons of war and the chase, with 
their successive improvements, seem to establish the fact that, 
from an early period, each nation or tribe has regarded itself as 
the one alone addressed when God gave man " dominion over 
the earth," and has uniformly set itself about to establish that 
supposed divine right as a practical reality. Clearly, by this 
showing, man has been a continuous worshiper, a persevering 
fighter, and at times a good liver; has constantly aimed at a more 
advanced position, and aspired to a higher life. So far as he is 
represented by those nations known as " enlightened," his pro- 
gress has been steady and distinctly marked, as well in liberal as 
the useful arts — in everything relating to aesthetics. There are 
those who admire the " antique " in fine art ; who believe, for 
example, that among the earlier sculptors there were some whose 
genius, all untaught it may be, enabled them to present the world 
with models or the human form which are yet without rivals from 
the later schools. I saw some of these master-pieces, and long 
rows of antique sculpture, without catching the inspiration evi- 
dently felt by more impressible and artistic observers. It is not 
difficult to understand their historic value, and one can in some 
sort sympathize with the antiquarian enthusiast as he returns to 
their study again and again ; but to my uneducated taste they 
seem, like everything else of their day, not to bear comparison 
with the creations of recent and living artists. I would be quite 
as likely to mistake an Indian war-club or an Australian boome- 

*Is the curious custom— quite prevalent in Paris— of dedicating business houses and shops of " 
all sorts, attributable to this? One may find their signs bearing inscriptions such as the follow- 
ing: "To Spring-Time ;" "To the Song of Birds;"' "To Our Lady;" "To the Siren;" "To 
the Infant Jesus;" "To the Imperial Crown;" "To the Sun of Austerlitz;" "To the Little 
Devil of Paris ;" "To the Good Eater;"' "To the Good Drinker ;" "To the Green Monkeys;" 
"To the Good Devil:" "To the Americans;" " To the United States;" and thousands similar. 



44: 

rang for a needle gun, as one of those impossible " antique " 
marble statues for the work of any respectable modern artist 
admitted to the Exposition — a remark not intended to imply a 
thought that the true artist's veneration for the antique in sculp- 
ture and painting savors at all of idolatry, or even sentimentalism, 
or that it is not warranted by the superior^ of the productions 
of the oldest schools ; but only to confess my own incompetency 
to criticise, and to justify my silence in regard to the exhibition 
in the First Group. 

If the tribes and nations of to-day could be drawn up in line 
for review, with the specimens of their handiwork illustrative of 
the status of each in the arts, we should find the " Museum of 
the History of Labor " in its essential elements and significance 
reproduced. Indeed, such was the fact within the limits of Champ 
de Mars. Those tribes too barbarous to become voluntary were 
involuntary exhibitors, through their friends, the Christian mis- 
sionaries, and, by their weapons of war, of torture, of the chase, 
their idols and utensils, exhibited a close alliance with the remote 
antique. With no seeming inherent aptitude to improve, and 
resisting all ameliorating influences from without, or too remote 
to have been touched by any such hitherto, they seem to have 
petrified about the close of the " age of stone." Every subse- 
quent epoch had its representative in propria persona — starting 
with those nations who have invented nothing ; who have not 
even been willing or able to adopt the inventions of others ; 
whose habits are as they have ever heretofore been, or worse — 
subsisting on the bounty of nature in warm climates ; who perform 
every operation of their meager art by hand, as their earliest ances- 
try did ; whose commerce is the rudest trade ; whose systems of 
government, if they can be called systems, are absolute despot- 
isms or pseudo-theocracies ; whose highest conception of decora- 
tive art is satisfied with a dazzling profusion of tinsel, coarse 
ornaments and bright-colored paints, and of melody by a sense- 
less chant and horse-fiddle accompaniment; who are feeble in 
mind, feeble in body, and exist as nations by sufferance of the 
" Great Powers," who have thus far failed to agree upon a division 
of the spoils, or have been unwilling to assume the task of their 
extermination or regeneration. 

As the plane of progress is ascended, the gradations and differ- 
ences among nations become less distinctly marked. Whenever 



45 

the useful arts, or any of them, have been once introduced, and 
have made any impression whatever on the life of a people, they 
seem to have been certainly followed by extraordinary develop- 
ment in some direction. There were nations exhibiting one, two 
or three specialties, the fabrication of which they have pursued 
for many years, manifesting the highest perfection of mechanical 
skill, and yet whose entire exhibit, beyond these few articles, was 
unworthy a moment's consideration. Diversified industry (espe- 
cially the practice of those branches of the arts most closely allied 
to agriculture) has its place in the midst of every people who 
to-day are in a much better condition than they were one hundred 
years ago ; and the absence of it invariably stamps a nation with 
all the evidences of a want of national force of character approach- 
ing the dependent weakness of infancy. Illustrations of this are 
found among the Orientals, and they have closely allied kinsmen 
in Africa, in Western Europe, and in the Western Hemisphere. 

The difference between the German States, France, Great 
Britain, the United States, and some others, is greater in kind 
than in degree. The industrial triumphs of the nineteenth cen- 
tury are shared among them. Each has accomplished marvelous 
progress, and excelled the others whenever and wherever circum- 
stances in a notable degree specially favored its success; and each 
is pursuing its chosen career with an activity as intense as it is 
intelligent. It would be a vain endeavor to institute a critical 
comparison of the industries of such nations, hoping to weigh 
their merits and determine the relative value of their achieve- 
ments to mankind. 

Nor did the Exposition of 1867 present the basis upon which 
any such comparison could be fairly made, if it were even possi- 
ble to find a competent jury ; and this, particularly, so far as 
concerns the United States. The French Commission, for exam- 
ple, accepted about twenty thousand claims for admission by 
French people, and rejected probably as many more. The Brit- 
ish Commission, with their large experience in European compe- 
titions of this character, with ample means and abundant oppor- 
tunity to select, possessed telling advantages ; and so of other 
European Commissions. On the other hand, the United States 
Commission were without means to justify the offer of tempting 
inducements or even proper facilities to exhibitors ; our Govern 
ment and our people were yet distracted, if not enfeebled, by the 



46 

war from which the nation had but just emerged ; our manufac- 
turers and inventors found ample employment for the exercise of 
their entire capital and energy in supplying the home market for 
their products, and hence had no pecuniary interest in searching 
for customers abroad ; the Commission, therefore, only too glad 
to obtain material sufficient to fill up our allotted space, accepted 
nearly if not quite everything that offered. It is not detracting 
from the merit of what this country did present, to say that a 
large proportion of our exhibit was .formed of objects whose 
excellence is not yet established in this country. Almost every 
thing we had there was new to the American public. In the 
Sixth Group, for example, except a locomotive, some scales, sew- 
ing machines, two or three reapers and mowers, a few plows, and 
a steam engine, scarcely anything American had previously 
received the indorsement of popular approbation here in Amer- 
ica — simply, no doubt, because of its recent appearance. This 
absence of a national home-indorsement operated in more than 
one instance, as there is good reason to believe, to inspire the 
juries with a caution amounting to timidity, and to induce them 
to award prizes of lower grade, or withhold them entirely, No 
one familiar at all with American machinery adapted to the com- 
mon arts can doubt for a moment that the space allotted to the 
United States in this group might have been filled with prize 
objects, if it had been possible to choose among those in popular 
use here. Hence, for the reasons stated, and perhaps others, a 
comparison of national progress in industrial pursuits between 
the first-class Powers, based on their exhibits at the Exposition, 
if thoroughly and fairly made, would not have done the United 
States justice. 

Of the exhibition in the First Group, (Fine Arts,) any Ameri- 
can may well speak modestly, in view of the results. Our very 
best artists were represented. Beard, Bierstadt, Church, Cropsey, 
Cole, Healy, Kensett, Darley, Miss Hosmer, Yolk, Marshall, 
Halpin and others had pieces on exhibition, and yet but one of 
them received recognition by the juries! In no other group 
(taking all the classes of it) were the United States so well repre- 
sented by acknowledged talent ; and the inference is therefore 
irresistible that, judged by European standards in the several 
departments,* our artists have not yet attained a point of very 

* Immediately following the announcement of prizes on the 1st of July, a rumor prevailed to 



47 

high excellence. Possibly there may be growing np an American 
school of art, which, like everything else in the New World, is 
impatient of restraint, and has ventured on innovations, depart- 
ures from the rules of the " antique " schools, and which will in 
time make good its claims in the international courts of artistic 
genius. 

The exhibition by France embraced in the five classes of this 
group 1,033 pieces, executed since the International Exposition 
of 1855 at Paris — the production of 470 artists, a large majority 
of whom had previously been successful competitors, and many 
the recipients of the much-coveted distinctions of the Order of 
the Legion of Honor. Such a collection, selected with inexorable 
discrimination by a commission of artists, from the studios, draw- 
ing-rooms, public and private galleries of the Empire, could not 
fail to embody the absolute master-pieces of modern art in France, 
or to command the critical attention of all visitors. 

The British collection in this group was the production of 353 
artists, and consisted of 160 oil paintings, 139 water-colors and 
drawings, 17 specimens of sculpture and die-sinking, and about 
150 architectural designs and models and engravings on wood, 
stone and metals. 

The other European nations were well represented. Of the 
grand prizes awarded, in all eight, Group I — 

France received ....4 Belgium received 1 

Bavaria " 1 Ital 7 " 1 

Prussia " 1 

Of first prizes, in all fifteen, 

France received 8 Austria received 1 

Bavaria * * ' 2 Spain " . 1 

Belgium " 2 Great Britain ' ' 1 

Of second prizes, in all twenty, 

France received 10 Prussia received 1 

United States " ...1 Italy " 1 

Great Britain " 1 Spain lt 1 

Belgium " 1 Switzerland '* 1 

Norway ll 1 The Low Countries 1 

Austria " 1 

the effect that the jury on oil paintings was composed in part of French artists who were them- 
selves exhibitors and the recipients of prizes. This is incredible. The Imperial Commission 
could not have been ignorant of such proceeding, and certainly would not have sanctioned it. 
All exhibitors serving on juries, and in general, all governmental contributions were placed hors 
concours— out of competition. 



48 
Of third prizes, in all twenty-four, 

France received 10 Spain received 2 

Sweden " 2 Prussia " 1 

Bavaria " 2 Austria ** 1 

Great Britain '« ...2 The Low Countries *« 1 

Italy " 2 Russia '■« 1 

It is well to gain a knowledge of those things in which we are 
relatively deficient, and I have been all. the more careful to state 
the facts in regard to the competition in the first group, because 
there was the field in which more than in any other the failure of 
American productions to come up to the foreign standard was 
most plainly indicated by the awards. Elsewhere throughout we 
received our full proportion of prizes, as shown in the table of per- 
centage. 

In the Second Group, except in class 10, instruments of music, 
American exhibitors achieved no special distinction. For pianos, 
however, Mr. Ohickering, of Boston, received the Cross of Cheva- 
lier of the Legion of Honor, and the firm a gold medal. Messrs. 
Stein way and Son, of New York, also received a gold medal. It 
seemed to be conceded that the two manufacturers named had 
reached a point of very high excellence, and the musical tourna- 
ments kept up daily from 3 to 5 p. m. by distinguished performers 
on the instruments of Messrs. Stein way and Chickering served to 
maintain a lively interest on the part of visitors in the American 
section of this group, for several months. 

Of printing, book-binding and stationery, the exhibitions by 
France and England were very remarkable. Cheap labor, the 
use of steam power, improved machinery, improved processes, 
and the use of cheaper material for paper, have of late wonderfully 
lowered the price and at the same time furnished a much better 
product in all that pertains to printing, binding, the manufacture 
of paper, pens and ink. In making steel pens alone, the city of 
Birmingham, England, uses about ten tons of steel per week. 

In the Third Group the United States had little that attracted 
attention, while, as was to be expected, the French, English, Belgic 
and several other sections were marvels of showy magnificence in 
their displays of rich furniture, glass fabrics, tapestry, porcelains, 
cutlery, jewelry, time pieces, etc. The group which contained 
the regal tapestry of the Gobelins, the porcelains of Sevres, with 
the products of their rivals all over the world and which embraced, 



49 

besides these, almost every other creation for household and per- 
sonal ornament, may well he supposed to have challenged the 
admira ion of the <zreat mass of visitors. The concentric gallery 
which separated this group and the next following was never 
otherwise than crowded during the hours of exhibition. The 
wealthy purchased while the poor looked on. 

The value of glass manufactures in France exceeds eighteen 
millions of dollars annually, and the product is steadily increasing 
in all parts of the Empire. The finer and more cosily qualities 
are chiefly made by hand. The materials for the manufacture are 
all, except lead, obtained in abundance in France. The sand from 
Illinois, and other western States, was not tested to ascertain its 
value as compared with the sand of Fontainebleau or Senlis. Other 
materials en ering into the composition of French glass — carbon- 
ate of lime, sulphate and carbonate of soda and oxide of lead, etc., 
are obtainable abundantly and cheaply in the United States, and 
it is to be hoped the expensive luxury of French plate glass will 
soon find an acceptable substitute in American manufacture. I 
believe some enterprising gentlemen of Illinois have it iu con- 
templation to try the experiment. 

GROUP FOUR was little less attractive — its chief features pos- 
sessing even more immediate interest to the mass of mankind, while 
the objects of luxury in classes 33 and 36, exhibited an expensive 
elegance quite satisfying to the most cultivated taste and largest 
fortune. 

The Cotton manufactures of Europe experienced, as we are 
aware, great embarrassment- during our late war, and sought their 
supplies of the raw material from China, India, Egypt, South 
America and along the Mediterranean. The ordinary price of 
New Orleans middling cotton in France, up to 186 ■>, was about 
•18 cents per lb. ; in 1864 it r.»se to 70 cents per lb., and on the 
1st of January, 1867, was 34 cents per lb. There are in France 
alone about 6,250,000* spindles employed in spinning cotton, about 
8<>,000 power looms and 200,000 hand looms. In the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland there were, in 18*)1, in 
operation, 30,387,467' spindles. Number of power-looms, 399,992. 
The figures are much the same to-day. From 18o6ro 18>0 Great 
Britain imported from the United States 869,000,000 pounds of 
raw cotton, per annum, and obtained 260,000,000 pounds else- 
where. On the occurrence of our war, notwithstanding the par- 
7 



50 

tial success of blockade runners, the scarcity became so great that 
a supply was sought elsewhere, and a successful effort was made 
to stimulate cotton production in British India, Egypt and other 
portions of the globe where the climate, soil and labor were sup- 
posed to be favorable. As a cmsequence, of the 97S,Ol)0,000 
pounds of raw cotton imported during 1865, only 190,000,000 
pounds came from the United States, Mexico and the Bahamas, 
while British India alone supplied 440,000,000 pounds. Of the 
1,260,000,000 pounds imported during the first eleven months of 
1S66, the United States furnished 474,000,000, and British India 
586,000,000. It is, however, a fact conceded, that the best raw 
cottons produced in the United States are not equaled by any 
grown elsewhere. The cause of the superiority is not so plain; 
but the best American seed has not produced the same quality of 
staple when cultivated in foreign fields ; so that, although de- 
throned at home, the American branch of King Cotton's royal 
family will continue to receive chief homage in the markets of the 
world. Two gold and one silver medals were awarded to Ameri- 
can short staple, while, as indicating the earnestness with which 
the cultivation of this important fibre is encouraged, when attempt- 
ed elsewhere, the government representatives of Algeria, Brazil, 
Egypt, British India, the Ottoman Empire and Italy, received a 
Grand Prize, each, for " Culture of Cotton," — not, it will be re- 
marked, for superiority of product. 

In this group, also, were found the elegant laces, embroideries, 
and shawls, for the fabrication of which in a multitude of styles 
and forms and materials, different nations and distiicts are cele- 
brated. The cases of the famous genuine India Cashmere shawls, 
the more beautiful and scarcely less rich Paisle} s, the Norwich 
silk shawls of surpassing elegance, and the French and English 
laces, were so many centers of attraction to lady visitors of every 
nationality. This subject, however, is too closely allied to Group 
I, (Fine Arts,) to permit me to say a word in criticism. The fab- 
rics themselves being in the highest degree luxuries, it is rather 
to be preferred that their manufacture shall not be rivaled in the 
United States, so long as there is need of revenue from custom 
duties.* 

•It may, however, interest some to state a few facts in regard to French lsces, derived from 
the official notice of this class by a member of the French Committee of Admission; especially 
as the statement is authentic, and ia somewhat at variance with common opinion heie on the 
subject. 



51 

In the manufacture of the fibres wool, flax, hemp, jute, and silk, 
as also of the substances which, on account of their comparative 
cheapness, it has been sought to substitute for them, in whole or 
in part, there has been enough progress made by the United 
States to give promise of successful competition with the rest of 
the world only in such fabrics as enter into common use. We 
may not hope to rival the cheap, skilled labor of Europe or the 
East in the fabrication of the most delicate, high-priced tissues 
which only the very wealthy can purchase until machinery 
adapted to their manufacture shall almost entirely supplant the 
hand labor now used. There is a strong tendency in this direction 
and except with such fabrics as pure cashmere shawls, and certain 
varieties of lace work which fashion requires to be made by the 
fingers and prefers to buy at fabulous prices merely because it 
is so made, there is no apparent reason why in a little while 
America may not produce of these goods what is now imported. 
It was asserted that the lowe t-pricecl woolen sliawls in the palace 
were the product of the Washington mills, Boston, which estab- 
lishment received a silver medal and an honorable mention. 
New and improved machinery, better processes and the use of 
aniline as a coloring matter recently perfected have within a few 
years past increased the product largely, reduced the cost of 
manufacture and not deteriorated the quality of the fabrics. 

In class 37, embracing weapons of offensive and defensive war, 
it will be observed the United States exhibitors received an em- 
phatic endorsement. The large exhibition by Prussia, England, 

The French laces made by use of the distaff or needle are known there under the names* 

1st. Points de France— worked by the needle, at Aiencon chiefly, and hence sometimes called 
Points d"Alencon. 

2nd. Chantilly, Bayenx and Caen— from Iheir principal market centers, and comprising the 
fclack silk lace robes, shawls, veils, etc. Tho~e of Bayeux are said to have reached the extreme 
Jmits of perfection. 

3rd. Fonds clairs— made at Lille and Arras, from the distaff; not much in use. 

4th. Valenc ennes— a substnn ial, c ;mpa ativey low-priced f bile, made chiefly at Bailleul. 

5th. Points de Mirecourt— varied readily in style to the demands of f .shion, greatly esteemed 
lor general use, and much im tated in other countries. 

6th. duPuy — made iu immense quantity, chiefly at Auvergne, and renowned for their low 
price - 

Two hundred fhousndw men and girls are employed in the manufacture of the foregoing 
kinds of !ace-wo;k— not continuously, however, for the i dust y is pursued entirely by the fl;e- 
sideinthc- 1 bo^om of the f.ndly; the work-is alternately employed in the fields, in household 
dut es and lace-miking; ai which last th y ean fiom twen y-live to seventy cents per dry, as 
thev art less or mo e killful and iudustrio.is. The lace of the distaff is made on a yeiy light, 
poit b!e iVame, resting on he knees. Ave.v 1 rge piopordcn of the^e f.,bn'^s is sold to th 
"Udiied States. 



52 

France and some others, was almost suggestive of so many 
attempts to intimidate each other by the show of preparation for 
a conflict of arms to which an indiscretion on the part of either 
might at any moment call them all. If there were any competi- 
tive tests of the effectiveness of the weapons on exhibition I did 
not learn it. The American repeating fire arms were examined 
by the public, including the King of Prussia and the Emperor 
of France, with much interest. 

In the FIFTH GROUP, embracing the products, wrought and 
unwrought, of extractive industries, the exhibition was complete 
in all points — the most notable by the United States being in class 
40, where the wealth of the western mines was profusely dis- 
played. Many tons of choice spec mens of gold, silver, copper, 
lead and iron ores, together with a fair representation of the 
various coal fields and forests, as also the c hection of fossils from 
this State, interspersed with cases of the most highly finished edge 
tools, formed, perhaps, the most generally attractive feature of our 
American section. If, however, volcanic Europe is more famous 
for one thing than for any other it is her mining wealth, and this 
opportunity to display the evidences of it was not overlooked. 
Russia, Sweden, Belgium, France, England, Prussia, Austria, 
Italy, the South American Republics, and the English Colonies, 
each made creditable and some of them remarkable contributions 
of ores and the extracted metals. In edge tools included in this 
class no contribution I saw was at all comparable to those exposed 
by the Douglass Manufacturing Company, of JSew York City, to 
which was awarded a silver medal. 

It was, however, no pleasant inflection for an American witness 
of this enormous displav, that while we have at home literally 
mountains of iron ore, our railroads are laid down through those 
mountains with European iron ; and that Swedish and Russia iron 
are so far superior to American, either naturally or as the result o! 
better processes of manufacture, as for many purposes to be yet 
used in our workshops in preference to the American product. 
There seems to me nothing more certain in the near future than 
that this dependence must cease. The consumption of iron 
throughout the world is enormous and increasing daily. Stnu- 
turesof the largest class, of whatever nature — bridges, buildings 
ships, etc., etc., are dema ding it in quanti ies beyond compute 
lion. Great Britain produced in I860, 4,8 i 9,000 tons of pig iron. 



53 

and used about 29,000,000 tons of coal in the manufacture of pig 
and bar iron alone. The coal field of Illinois surpasses in extent 
those of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Spain combined. 
Millions upon millions of tons of iron ore of good quality lie within 
easy reach. The excellence of our coal for the manufacture ot 
this ore is mow settled by undoubted results of experiments for 
that purpose ; and, in short, there certainly is no element lacking 
here for the successful prosecution of this indus'ry in any of its 
numerous branches and on a scale commensurate with the demands 
of the rapidly growing west. 

There are other articles in this group in common use with the 
people of the United States and for which we a e unnecessarily 
dependent upon Europe- among them the osier willow, and especial- 
ly the finer products of its manufacture. I was at racted t<> the ex- 
mination of this subject by the fac's, that the willow can be grown 
on any good land in this State as easily, and of as good quality as 
can be desired ; that the wares into which it enters are used in 
every household ; that being bulky and light and less costly in 
proportion to size than mo-t other articles of commerce, the trans- 
portation alone enhances the price to the consumer at least twenty 
percent.; and that, notwithstanding these tilings, we import an 
immense quantity of willow goods from France and Germany. 
France alone sells abroad annually about 1,600,000 pounds of osier 
and exports the chief part of it to the United States, having in 
plantation for its production more than 160,000 acres. 

The advantages claimed fur this culture in France* and which 
it will be seen would equally attach here if pursued on a system 
similar are : 

" 1st, That every landed proprietor may engage in it, as it requires neither ex- 
pensive preparation nor continued residence in the country nor great care. 

*' 2d. It harmonizes perfectly with other farm work. The osier is cut and split 
from November to April and is peeled in May or June, when the pressing labors of 
the harvest commence. Very often the farmer lacks hands for weeding and harvest 
because he discharges periodically in autumn a portion of the personnel necessary to 
these labors. Mining, quarrying, buildingin the cities and construction of railways 
have drawn away and retained these unoccupied farm laborers. How unfortunate 
then for the improvident fanner not to fix permanently, by regu'ar and steady em 
ploym -nt, the hands of which he has need ! Wages are excessively high, the sale of 
his wheat does not cover the cost and when the crisis comes everything is sacrificed, 
except himself. 

"3d. The more commerce and industry are deveoped the more osiers will be in 
demand. Every one knows to what extent hampers of osiei a e taking the place of 

*Traite Special sur les Osiers— par Louis Gossin— Paris, 18J6— to which T am indebted for many 
facts in regard to the cultivation, etc., of the osier. 



54: 

boxes for packing merchandise, because of their lightness and flexibility. Any one 
with a bit of a string can repair a hamper which has been used teveral times, while 
boxes nius', be prepared after each trip by special workmen. 

<l 4th. The hardiness of the willows, under culture — accommodating themselves 
to wet soils abounding in hnmic acid. Damp grounds, of little value, converted 
into osieries often give products equivalent to those of the most fertile prairies." 

The suggestion that the osier industry may be used as a profit- 
able means of retaining permanently the help which is impera- 
tively required at one season of the year and cannot be otherwise 
satisfactorily employed at other seasons, seems to me well worthy 
the attention of nurserymen, <>f large farmers, and of all who are 
similarly situated. Basket-making is eminently a household indus- 
try, and old and young, male and female, may readily acquire all 
the skill necessary to practice it when other occupation does not 
offer better remuneration. 

The best species for manufacture are the Salix viminalis, Salix 
rubra and the Salix vitelline, in the order named. M. Debonnaire, 
of Melun (some 20 miles from Paris), claims to have originated a 
hybrid of superior quality. It has the appearance of yielding a 
larger crop than any other species I observed on his grounds or 
in the Exposition, and he asserts that it takes the fancy colors 
best — possibly only a paternal fancy. 

Any soil upon which a fair crop of Indian corn can be grown 
will produce good osiers. Thorough preparation, by deep plowing 
before planting, is indispensable. Bottom lands, if even subject 
to overflow and not absolutely peaty will give good product, if 
previously deeply broken up so that the water will readily settle 
away from the^ roots. Grown on peaty or very wet lands the 
osier lacks flexibility and toughness. The ground being thorough- 
ly prepared and convenient road-ways left for the passage of carts, 
the cuttings, ten or twelve inches in length, should be planted 
in early spring so deep that the upper bud is about at the surface, 
or they may be cut off with a pruning shears after setting. For 
use in de icate work the finest canes are produced by setting in 
row- about one foot apart with the plants eight inches apart in the 
rows. The rub/a and vitellwa&re preferred for planting so close ; 
the viminalu as web as all others, except as above, t-.hould be 
planted in rows two or three feet apar ', with space of a foot or 
more between the plants in the rows ; for any purpose the longer 
and liner the canes the better. Such is the best practice in the 
French osieries, though some cultivators prefer greater distance- 



55 

The only after-culture re qui red is weeding ; and this should he well 
and faithfully done or the quality and quantity of the product will he 
injuiiously affected. The canes of the first year's growth should 
be cut off at the surface of the ground with a very sharp bill-hook 
the following spring, and each succeeding year at any convenient 
time between October and April ; always being careful to cut only 
the young wood and as near the surface of the soil as possible. 
It sometimes occurs in light soil that this annual cutting enfeebles 
the plants to an injurious extent, in which case it will be well to 
give rest by leaving uncut half of the plantation one year and the 
other half in the year following. The two year old wood may be 
used for new plantations. 

In regard to the space between the rows and plants in the rows, 
it should be borne in mind that increased distance involves in- 
crease of labor in annual cultivation without in general affording 
any corresponding improvement in the osier crop or its quality, 
and that the value of the canes depends greatly on their fineness 
and length, which are both secured only by close planting. 

Unless the annual cutting be done with care and where the sur- 
face does not receive a deposit by occasional overflow, it may 
sometimes be requisite, in order to maintain the plantation in full 
vigor, to gi^e it a top-dressing of good soil or well rotted manure 
so deep as to cover any projecting stumps of the stools. An osierj 
treated in this manner will last indefinitely ; if not top-dressed 
nor inundated it will show signs of failure in ten to fifteen years. 
A full crop of canes is obtained the fourth year, and this with the 
preceding partial crops will, in France, more than pay back the 
entire outlay. 

The canes are used with the bark on for coarse basket-work; 
peeled for ordinary and fine work ; and split usually into three 
equal parts and retaining the bark for cooperage. When not to be 
peeled or split, they are cut any time from .November to April, 
left on the ground five or six days to dry, and then tied with two 
bands in large bundles preparatory to being carted off. Before 
tying, the canes should be sorted in three grades, the longest being 
from 7 to 10 feet, the average 3 J to 6 feet, and the shortest 2£ to 
3^ feet ; the butts should be together and on the same plane. 

Those designed to be peeled are cut at the close of winter, or 
about the time the sap starts, tied in small bundles with a single 
band some eight inches above the butts, and placed upright, butt- 



56 

ends down, in clean va f s of pure soft water to the depth of some 
18 inches. The level of the water should not va- y much ; a slight 
covering to protect them from frost, if out of doors, is necessary ; 
for, the sap having once started, if the circulation is stopped by 
cold the bark cannot be so readily detached. Nor will the sap rise 
so well if the water be hard and cold. The canes are sometimes 
cut in full sap, in which case the peeling is done at once ; the first 
process, however, is preferred because the quality of the canes is 
better and by allowing plenty of time it facilitates operations on a 
large scale. If the peeling is to be finished in May, the canes may 
be placed in the water as soon as they are brought from the osiery, 
but if not until in June, they should be stored in a cellar and no 
placed in the water until within ten or fifteen days of peeling. 
Any which it is expected to keep to the end of June before peel- 
ing should be put in water when brought from the field, with- 
drawn and stored in a cellar for some time, and then again placed 
in the water. 

Whenever the buds of the osier begin to open the peeling may be 
done. It is light work performed by hand ; women and children 
do it very rapidly. I do not know whether any mechanism has 
yet been invented by which the operation can be well and rapidly 
done. The canes are drawn first by one end, then by the other 
through a spring vice with long jaws, fixed upight in a post at 
about 18 inches or two feet from the ground, the operator sitting 
meanwhile. The loosened bark with any b'ts still adhering is 
then readily removed by hand. The bundles of the dried canes 
are then made up by laying a band on the ground with the length 
of just four feet, exclusive of enough at the ends to twist as in 
binding wheat, distinctly marked; the canes almost sufficient for 
a bundle are then placed on the band with the butts projecting a 
few inches, when the band is tied or fastened by twisting so as to 
make the circumference of the bundle just 4 feet. Other canes 
are then inserted until nomorecan.be pressed under the band 
when the base of the bundle is leveled by striking with a mallet 
and another band firmly drawn around, about half or two-thirds 
the distance to the top. Piacing the canes straight, binding firm- 
ly, and preserving an even base, are the important points of the 
manipulation on which somewhat of the market value is depend- 
ent. The bundles thus prepared may be stored under shelter 
from rain until wanted for market or manufacture. The Salix 



57 

rubra and vitellina designed to be split may be cut in November, 
December or January, put in a cellar and split before they dry, 
or may be dried and spit afterwards, as most desirable. The split- 
ting, as I saw it done, was performed by passing the butt-end of 
each cane through a short tube firmly fixed, in which there were 
three blades extending from the center to the circumference, then 
seizing the cane on the other end of the tube and drawing it 
through, thus separating it into three equal parts. 

Osier plantations are subject to injury : 1st, by frosts in the 
spring w T hich, by injuring the young shoots, retard growth and 
diminish the product. There is, of course, no remedy. 

2d. By attack of certain species of snails which are fond of the 
tender buds, and are particularly to be feared in first years plan- 
tations. As no part of the north western United States is infested 
with these mollusks, which abound by myriads in France, I 
imagine no apprehension of ravages by them among our osieries 
need be felt. The remedy, however, is powdered quicklime 
sprinkled twice at intervals of half an hour during a fog or on the 
approach of a mild shower when the snails are all out feeding. 

3d. By attack on the roots by the tree beetle or white worm (?) — 
sometimes injurious to young plantations ; remedy, or rather pre- 
vention, deep spading or plowing before planting. 

4th. By stings of certain insects on the upper ends of the 
branches (terminal buds), causing the leaves to be developed in a 
rose form, from which the shoots ramify and lose much, of their 
value. No remedy known. 

5th. By eating of the foliage in summer by several species of 
Coleoptera, the most dangerous being the steel-blue (?). Its larvae, 
which are black, devour the young leaves with great avidity. The 
most promising remedy is sprinkling with pyritic ashes and 
powdered quicklime. 

6th . Small excrescences or warts, the size of a pea, are produced 
by the puncture of an unknown insect, and, when numerous, in- 
jure the osier. No remedy known. 

7th. By tramping of animals, which if permitted, will produce 
sad havoc. Remedy, keep everything of the sort off, except when 
required by cultivation or harvest. 

8th. By invasion of the bindweed (Convolvidus). Remedy, 
prompt extirpation. 



58 

9th. By hail wounding the shoots and rendering them brittle 
at the points of injury. ~No remedy, of course ; the only mitiga- 
tion is to select for use what may have escaped. 

10th. By gun-shot wounds — worse than hail, as far as they go. 
Remedy, prosecute th^ hunters perseveringly ; for they all soon 
learn that osiers are splendid hiding places for quail, grouse, rab- 
bits, etc., and the tempta'ion to trespass is very great. 

11th. The osiers are sometimes discolored — a serious evil, with- 
out remedy. The product may however be used for crates and 
other coarse work. It is caused by rust induced by climatic 
conditions not to be controlled ; usually, however, confined to low 
situations and foggy weather. 

I visited* at Melun, before mentioned, the plantations and factory 
of M. Debonnaire, who cultivates some thirty acres of osier, and 
employs in the different prisons of France some 400 workmen on 
baskets made of osier, rattan and esparto ; the entire products 
being sold in the French markets. The rattan he buys at Ant- 
werp, where it arrives from India, at 8 cents per pound ; the esparto 
is a slender, flexible, tough species of rush growing wild on the 
poorer soils of Spain. I do not remember its cost price. 

Mr. D.'s exhibition in the palace was very fine, and he kindly 
offered me information on every point. He entertains no doubt, 
whatever, of the feasibility of manufacturing such ware in Illinois 
profitably on any desirable scale ; and expressed much anxiety 
to place his son in the management of such an enterprise in com- 
pany with others here ; the skilled labor to be furnished, as 
required from time to time, from the employees of his own factory. 

I am strongly inclined to believe that such an industry located 
on the margin of any of the navigable waters of this State will 
result, if well managed, in great profit to those who shall prose- 
cute it. The wholesale price of willow, rattan and esparto ware 
at M. Debonnaire's factory is not greater than one-fourth the retail 
price in Springfield, Illinois. 

In noticing the exhibition of FIBRES in this same group, one is 
forcibly impressed with two facts, of which the evidence is written 
in broad, legible characters all over the face of Europe ; and 
which the political economists, the Industrial Universities and 
Colleges of this country should not fail to give their due weight 

*In company with W. W. Corbett and E. B. Wight, Esqrs., of Chicago. 



59 

in legislation, and in the courses of study they adopt, to-wit: 
that what are termed industrial cultures, yielding raw materials 
for manufactures, give far richer returns, directly and indirectly, 
than are derived from an equal expenditure of capital and labor 
in the production of what are called, in contradistinction, commodi- 
ties of consumption / and that a nation or district may import a 
large proportion of the necessaries of life, and yet maintain a 
maximum density of popula ion if only manufactures nourish 
within its boundaries. . Thus the vegetable product per acre of 
the lower Rhine in the French province of Alsace, owing entirely 
to its rich industrial cultures,* exceeds largely that of Great 
Britain or even England alone ; and there is still an excess in 
favor of the former when the combined vegetable and animal 
products of the lower Rhine and England are compared. When, 
however, populations are compared, we find the lower Rhine 
sustaining 130 and England 1£3 to the hectare (about 2J acres) ; 
and this notwithstanding the latter imports annually and pays in 
gold for at least 260 millions pounds of meat, 180 millions pounds 
of butter and cheese, 74 millions pounds of potatoes, wheat 
and flour sufficient for 3,000 millions pounds of bread, and, for 
agricultural purposes in Great Britain, 467 millions pounds of 
guano, 144 millions pounds of bones and animal charcoal, 176 
millions pounds of oil cake, more than 3 millions hectolitres of 
nitrate ot soda, together with more than 500 millions dollars worth 
of raw materials used in manufacture : deducting in all cases the 
quantity re-axported. 

In other words, England imports subsistence for about one-third 
of her population (at least 6 millions out of 18,954,444 in 1865), im- 
ports almost the entire raw materials for her principal manufactures, 
except minerals, and by her manufacturing industry sustains a 
population only exceeded in density, perhaps, by one or two 
small provinces of Europe. The inference, to my mind, is irre- 
sistible that, in a country like the United States, where the raw 
materials for almost every possible branch of manufacture are 
found, or can be so cheaply produced, right along-side of a full 
supply of all the necessaries of life, the most dense population on 
the face of the globe can be sustained comfortably, if only manu- 

* Rapport de M. Eugene Tisserand, Inspecteur general, Chef de la Division des domaines agri 
oles de la Couronne, President de l'Enquete dans la 13e Circonscription. Paris, lS^T. 



60 

factures and agriculture go hand in hand — if only agriculturists 
shall be encouraged to devote themselves to the industrial cul- 
tures in due proportion, and manufacturers shall be encouraged to 
establish themselves throughout this inviting field. 

The scarcity of raw cotton occasioned by our late war, together 
with the palpable advantages to be derived, stimulated the culti- 
vation of flax and hemp in Europe very greatly. France has 
planted this branch of agriculture firmly in her Algerine colonies, 
and extended it within her own borders. 

As the result of inquiry in regard to the cultivation and hand- 
ling of flax, I made notes of what appeared to be the methods 
likely to prove most successful here. 

The flax of Riga (Russian) is most highly esteemed for quality 
of the fibre, but the seed degenerates in France, Belgium and 
Holland to such a degree that it is necessary to seek fresh sup- 
plies direct from Russia every second year. The soil is prepared 
for the reception of the seed by plowing once in the fall, or rather 
late summer, and twice in the spring, in as large lands as possible 
to avoid leaving numerous dead furrows — harrowing after each 
spring plowing and rolling after the last. The seed is then sown 
either drilled or broadcast, lightly harrowed and lightly rolled in. 
If manures are used (as they always are on the lands devoted to 
this purpose in either of the countries named), they should be 
applied after the first spring plowing, and if barn-yard manure, 
only in a well decomposed state. It is called an exhausting crop 
and requires the soil to be rich in humus. There is little doubt 
that any soil equal to the production of an average crop of Indian 
corn in this State, a deep, friable loam with a clay subsoil, is suffi- 
ciently stored with all the elements necessary for the growth of a 
good crop of flax. The seed should be of uniform color, a bright 
brown, shining, plump, heavy and free from any musty odor ; and 
should weigh from 41 to 43 ibs to the bushel. The average number 
of seeds in a bushel of 41 ibs about 4,000,000. Before sowing, the 
seed should always be passed through a fanning mill and cleaned 
from all foreign substances, immature or imperfect seeds, and espe- 
cially from every other sort of seed. No other crop suffers more se- 
verely frorathe presence of weeds than flax, and no pains should be 
spared to keep them out. The time of sowing, from the 1st to the 
15th of May. In determining the quantity of seed per acre, account 
must be taken of the quality of the soil and of the main crop 



61 

desired, whether seed or fibre. On strong, fertile soil, when seed 
is the object, about eighty pounds per acre is the proper quantity ; 
when fibre, the quantity should be increased to one hundred and 
twenty pounds per acre. On lighter soils the amount sown might 
be reduced say twenty per cent, in each case. Whatever method 
of seeding be adopted, whether drilled or broadcast, the greatest 
care should be exercised to spread the seed evenly. Yery much 
depends upon this, particularly if a beautiful, regular, even fibre 
is desired. Windy days should be avoided, and it is often best 
to sow half the seed in one direction and cross-sow with the other 
half. The subsequent rolling should be done when the soil will 
neither pack nor plaster. 

In eight or ten days the plants will appear and no other labor 
is required until harvest, unless patches of weeds show them- 
selves ; in which case, children in their bare feet should be sent 
in to remove them with care, so as to disturb the growing flax as 
little as possible. But let the weeds be cleared out at all events. 

Like every other species of vegetation, the flax is liable to cli- 
matic injury. It also sometimes suffers from the attack of an 
insect (a species of plant-louse), from the parasitic plant dodder 
(genus cuscuta), and smut. 1 imagine, however, drouth and hail 
storms are more to be feared in Illinois than insects or parasites ; 
and thorough preparation of the soil, as we know, rarely fails to 
afford entire immunity from the effects of drouth. The remedy 
for dodder is simply to tear it away by haud and burn it ; for smut, 
the use of perfectly sound seed on good soil ; and for the plant- 
louse, scattering freely over the field wood ashes and soot. 

harvesting must be done by hand pulling, if the fibre is the 
principal object ; there is no substitute yet, though inventors are 
looking in this direction ; and the pulling should be done when 
the lower third of the stalk is turned yellow ; the capsules contain- 
ing the seed will also have partly changed color. If pulled earlier 
the fibre will be too soft and tender, and there is too much waste 
in dressing ; if pulled later, the fibre obtained will be too dry, hard 
and coarse ; if pulled at the time indicated, the fibre will be in 
the best condition, and a considerable part of the seed will be 
found matured. If grown for seed only, it may, of course be cut 
with any mowing or reaping machine in ordinary use ; in which 
case, also, the subsequent operations of binding, shocking, stack- 
ing and threshing are well understood — there is then little value 



62 

in the straw. The pulling should be done by seizing small bunches 
with one or both hands, drawing them obliquely out of the ground, 
shaking them lightly to detach the earth from the roots, picking 
out from among them all weeds or other foreign matter, and de- 
positing them in an even line on the ground, with the tops lying 
always in the same direction. In a little while, two or three days 
or more, as the weather and other circumstances may favor, the 
flax may be gathered into small bundles, bound loosely and cocked, 
as is done with oats or wheat (except that caps are not required 
unless the cocks are expected to remain long in the field), being 
careful to build the cocks firmly, not by pressing the sheaves 
together so much as by spreading the bases, in order that the air 
may circulate freely through and dry them quickly. The object 
is to cure the straw and to avoid as fully as possible any rotting or 
decay before that process is regularly undertaken. 

"When it is ascertained by inspection that the straw is cured, the 
crop may be hauled to a barn or elsewhere under shelter and 
threshed. The seed is detached either by drawing the upper 
extremities of the straw through a ripple (usually a row of iron 
teeth, 15 to 18 inches long, pointed at the top and fastened in a 
piece of wood) about 3-16 of an inch apart at the bottom, fixed 
cross-wise a bench ; or by taking the straw a handful at a time, 
and striking the tops lightly, so as not to break the stems, with a 
light wood paddle — thus also at the same time bursting the cap- 
sules and avoiding any necessity of further threshing. As fast as 
the threshing is done the straw may be piled up in bundles under 
shelter, or placed where it is to undergo the process of retting. 
And here, it' this industry were well systematized, the labor of 
the cultivator would end, except that he would deliver the crop 
in properly cured, carefully threshed bundles at the grounds of 
the manufacturer, where the subsequent processes of retting and 
dressing could usually be far better and more cheaply performed 
than on the farm. 

.Retting dissolves the gummy matter which causes the textile 
fibre to adhere to the woody matter of the straw and prevents the 
separation of the two by breaking and scutching. It is a delicate 
operation. The process of fermentation must be continued, under 
proper conditions, just long enough to dissolve this gum, or there 
will be great waste, and no longer, or there will result a serious 
injury to the quality of the fibre. 



63 

If the retting be done in running water, the bundles may be 
placed in covered vats securely anchored in the bed of a stream, 
and entirely submerged, with numerous small apertures at either 
end, so that the water may run regularly and evenly through in 
all parts. A small spring of pure water (water not charged with 
salt or other injurious chemicals) may be used by imbedding the 
va f s properly, far enough from the source for the temperature of 
the water to be modified by the air, or filling a supply -pond some 
days previous to depositing the bundles. The straw must be sub- 
jected to the action of pure water, of moderate temperature, with- 
out intermission until the process is complete. This will occur 
during the season from July to October inclusive, in 4 to 15 days. 
Whenever the fibre can be easily detached the whole length of 
the stem, the retting is finished ; and this is ascertained only by 
constant watching, frequently withdrawing a few stems, drying 
and breaking them. The bundles are then taken out, unbound, 
spread out on a green-sward and thoroughly dried — the quicker 
the better. 

If dtw-retting be resorted to, it may be done by placing the 
straw after threshing, thinly and evenly on green-sward or meadow, 
where it should lie some seven to nine days, and then be turned 
with a wooden fork ; after lying six or eight days longer the 
retting will be complete, and this is ascertained by trial as before. 
On a large scale, and in establishments prepared for the work 
retting may be done at any season of the year, the vats being 
under shelter and the temperature regulated by steam. Dew- 
retting never yields a fibre so free from discoloration or so valu- 
able in other respects as water-retting. 

Further preparation of the fibre is now done by machinery quite 
as well as it wtis ever done by hand. 

For breaking flax, the machine of Sanford & Mallory seemed 
to perform its work as rapidly, as thoroughly, with as little waste 
and with as little expenditure of power as any I saw tested at 
Billancourt, where it had many rivals. Being of American 
manufacture (exhibited, however, by an English firm), it is easily 
obtained here and is well known. 

The simplest, and in my judgment, the best scutching machine 
on exhibition was one shown by M. Jh. Pernollet, 116 Eue St. 
Maur Fopincourt, Paris. The scutching is effected by six elastic 
paddles projecting beyond the circumference of a wheel ; the flax, 



64 

in suitable quantities, being presented through a horizontal slot 
in a board standing upright close to the revolving paddles. The 
machine is operated by one man who also handles the flax, or it 
may be attached to any power and the speed regulated by suitable 
gearing. The price in Paris is $40. 

There are also combined Breaking and Scutching Machines, of 
which one manufactured by Messrs. John Eowan & Sons, of 
Belfast, Ireland, is highly esteemed by competent judges in Ire- 
land. It has, I think, been introduced into Canada. The price 
is about $120. 

The profits of flax culture depend, of course, largely on circum- 
stances not under the farmer's control. In Belgium, in some 
portions of France and of Italy, a fibre is produced which enters 
into the composition of an endless variety of silk goods, and is 
worth, when prepared for manufacture, from 4,000 to 6,000 francs 
per ton ($800 to $1,200). From this, as the extreme, the price 
falls to a minimum of perhaps $100 per ton — as low as a tol- 
erably fair article of scutched flax is ever sold in this country (U. 
S.) It is safe to expect a crop of 8 to 12 bushels of seed and 250 
to 400 pounds of scutched flax per acre. 

Owing to causes well understood, flax and wool have of late 
been steadily supplanting cotton in the manufacture of many 
tissues for clothing, and so far as is apparent, there is no reason 
to believe this tendency will not continue until still more import- 
ant results are reached. The area on which cotton can be 
profitably cultivated, even with cheap labor and under other cir- 
cumstances of heavy demand, etc., is at best quite limited. Flax 
is profitably grown now from Algeria to northern Kussia, and may 
be grown almost wherever civilized man chooses to live ; from the 
tropics up well towards the poles. 

For flax in different stages of preparation, gold medals were 
awarded to citizens of Kussia, Belgium, Algeria and France; 
silver medals to citizens of France and Belgium ; bronze medals 
to citizens of France, Belgium, Holland, Kussia, Italy, Great 
Britain, Austria, Canada and Algeria. 

Of SILK in cocoons there was a good show from Spain, Turkey, 
France, Algeria, Austria, Greece, Portugal and Equador. The 
only notable improvement in silk culture of recent adoption and 
promising important results is the system of isolating the worms 



65 

while they spin their' cocoons and deposit their eggs, by means of 
portable, cellular frames, the cells being of proper size for a single 
cocoon each. In substituting this for the old methods double 
cocoons are avoided ; the eggs of each worm are deposited by 
themselves and can be more easily examined to determine their 
soundness ; even temperature and better ventilation are secured ; 
and in short most, if not all, the old maladies and causes of disease 
and injury to the worms and the cocoons surely avoided. The 
invention, together with -the most elaborate details of experiments 
made for a series of years, have been placed before the silk-growing 
public and have caused quite a sensation. The silk industry has of 
late felt serious embarrassment by reason of disease among the 
worms and consequent short crop of the fibre, and the inventor of 
this " new system for the rearing of silk worms," M. DelPrino, of 
Alexandria, Italy, was awarded by the jury in class 74 (where the 
apparatus was exhibited) a gold medal. Should it result on fur- 
ther trial, as claimed by the inventor, that silk culture with this 
system " becomes only a useful family amusement unattended 
with labor" we may possibly find it in time flourishing in this 
country on a more substantial basis than when the multicaulis 
fever prevailed. 

Of HEMP there was, of course, a fine exhibition in all stages of 
preparation and manufacture, and by all the principal nations ex- 
cept the United States. The most beautifully prepared hemp was 
from Italy, samples of which I obtained. So far as I could learn, 
there is no process by which a superior fibre is obtained, that is 
not understood the world over. There is no reason to believe that 
American grown hemp may not be rotted, broken and dressed so 
that the fibre shall equal in appearance and in every desirable 
quality the best European. Care in every step of growth and 
subsequent manipulation, as with flax, will secure the best results. 

WOOL. The sheep is a true cosmopolite ; his home is every- 
where in habitable climes ; and nearly every nation participating in 
the Exposition brought samples of his fleece. Beyond all ques- 
tion, the Prussian wool-room, filled with elegant cases of specimens 
from the world-renowned flocks of that kingdom — the walls hung 
with oil paintings and photographs of the most noted animals — 
presented the most beautiful, complete and unique exhibition of 
this important interest in the Palace. The Central Agricultural 
9 



66 

Society of Silesia, at Breslau ; Lehman, of Nitsche ; Thaer, of 
Moeglin ; Bruenneck, of Bellschwitz ; Hoffschlager, of "Weisin ; 
Baron Maltzahn, of Lenschow; Baron Eisner de Gronow, ot 
Kalinowitz, and others — more than one hundred exhibitors in 
all — had evidently spared neither time nor expense to get up a 
most elaborate show in the most attractive style. The effect was 
far beyond any previous conception I had entertained ; and by the 
courtesy of Dr. Louis "Wittmack, of Berlin, who represented the 
Prussian Minister of Agriculture, as well as the Commissioner 
General of Prussia at the Exposition, I was enabled, not only to 
examine in detail this entire collection, but to obtain samples of 
the wool from almost every contribution. These samples, now on 
your shelves, you have already seen — and they fairly represent 
all the different grades of wool produced in Prussia, and, indeed, 
with few exceptions, all the desirable grades grown anywhere. 

The French exhibition of wool was not quite so striking at first 
view, because not so well arranged nor nearly so extensive; nor 
were the individual contributions so elaborately or expensively 
displayed. 

General Girod, of Chevry ; Godin, of Chatillon-sur-Seine ; 
Gilbert, of Yideville ; Graux, of Mauchamp, and some twenty 
others, together with the Imperial Farms, including the well 
known Bambouil\et wool, made up a splendid exhibition. 

These two, the French and Prussian taken together, contained 
samples of the esteemed varieties peculiar to the continent of 
Europe, as well as all those of acknowledged merit in Great 
Britain ; so that it is not necessary in what I have to say on wool 
and sheep to go beyond these collections to find anything not 
already familiar to every one in this country who has given atten- 
tion to recent publications on this general subject. Neither shall 
I repeat for the thousandth time what may be found in almost 
every " Essay on Sheep and Wool," in regard to the origin, char- 
acter and history of the numerous races of sheep now acclimated 
in this country ; all this has its interest and value, but its repeti- 
tion here would be of little service. For the sake of brevity, only 
such facts and opinions will be stated as are supposed to bear on 
the production and manufacture of wool in this country. 

In all the samples exhibited in the Palace and among those I 
saw elsewhere, there were but three, or at most four, varieties 
possessing desirable qualities which may not be readily duplicated 



67 

from the flocks of Illinois. These were the Negretti, of Prussia — 
the best staple for the manufacture of the finest broadcloths ; the 
Merinos of Naz, of France — quite similar in all important re- 
spects ; the Mauchamp, of France — an exceedingly lustrous, silky 
fibre, resembling Angora goat's wool, and of an average length of 
about four and a half inches or possibly five ; and the Rambouillet, 
a French merino de laine wool, having in general a fine staple 
of three to four inches in length. Of the first and last named 
races there have been importations into the United States, and 
their blood is mingled with that of others in what we call Ameri- 
can Merino, so that in some of our large flocks it would not be 
difficult to find fleeces and animals closely resembling both the 
Negretti and Ramhouillet. It seems to me to be entirely feasible 
for any shepherd of good judgment to make selections from the 
flocks already here, known as French, Spanish and American 
merinos, and by breeding carefully and perseveringly to produce, 
in all essential points of carcass and wool, either one of these two 
varieties. It may be that the same fineness of fibre as in the 
Negretti could not be reached and permanently fixed in this 
country, but for this suggestion, often made, I have not heard any 
good reason offered. Between the western plains and the Alle- 
gheny mountains, the northern lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, 
not to mention the extreme western States and Territories, there 
are surely to be found all the conditions of soil, climate and herb- 
age which are present in Prussia or France ; besides it is well 
known that at the London International Exhibition of 1851, the 
fine short-stapled carding wools from Tennessee and Pennsyl- 
vania attracted much attention, received prize medals and took 
rank in competition with England, Spain and France, next to the 
celebrated German wools. * 

*The jury in their report say, "Mr. Cockrell.— The wool transmitted by this exhibitor, from 
Northville, (Nashvillp ?) is well got up and exhibits, like the preceding specimens, (referring to 
the Negretti wools of Prussia. — R.) a quality of fibre indicative of care and skill in the develop- 
ment and improvement of the fleece, which calls for the award of the Prize Medal." 

"Mr. J. H. Ewing. — The wool transmitted from Washington, Pennsylvania, by this exhibitor 
is remarkable for the good substance of the fleece, as well as for the quality of the fibre, and the 
jury award to him the Prize Medal.' 1 

The report further states, in regard to the entire exhibition of wools, "One of the able experts, 
whose valuable aid the jury have already acknowledged in their examinations of wools, reports 
"those shown by America as most approximating to the character of the German wools.' " 
"German wools" include those from Austria. Austrian Silesia, Hungary, Prussia, Saxony and 
Polish Silesia, and are characterized by the jury as being " pre-eminent in the qualities of high- 
est value.' 1 



It seems to be admitted in Europe, among shepherds, that 
abundant nourishment will in time be followed by a thickening of 
the skin, an increase of carcass and a corresponding increase in 
the length and diameter of each individual fibre of the wool; but 
if this be an invariable law it is not difficult to find large districts 
on the summits and slopes of the Apalachian chain of mountains 
suited, in both climate and meagre production of the grasses, to 
the growth of any animal demanding little food. 

The pure JVegretti, as bred by the best Prussian breeders,, is not 
a very small sheep, but attains an average weight for the 4 year 
year old ram of about 140 pounds, and for the ewe, of about 110 
pounds ; shearing an average yearly fleece of about 6 pounds for 
the rams and 4 pounds for the ewes, well washed in cold water by 
hand. Much heavier weights than these, for both carcass and 
fleece, are claimed by the circulars of those who make annual 
sales of breeding animals, but their statements, like those of 
gentlemen pursuing the same industry elsewhere, are not usually 
under the mark. An examination of many whole fleeces, sup- 
ported by other reliable testimony, lead me to believe that the 
figures named are about what would be realized by any one im- 
porting the sheep and taking proper care of them in this country. 
The flocks, however, all equally pure blood, differ much among 
themselves, as they have been habitually supplied with more or 
less nourishment during their periods of growth. As a rule, the 
smaller the sheep the finer and shorter the wool. The rams are 
sold at prices varying from $20 to $300 ; the ewes from $10 to 
$200. The stock from which some of the best flocks are descended 
date the departure of their ancestry from Spain in 1755, and their 
foundation by the present proprietors from 1830 to 1843. 

The Merino de JVaz is a small sheep with an exceedingly fine 
fleece, possessing softness, elasticity, strength and the best felting 
properties. The weight and dimensions of carcass and fleece of 
a pair seen at the Garden of Acclimation, near Paris, are as 
follows : 

Kam 2 years old : Length, 3 feet 3 inches ; height, 2 feet 3 inches ; 

The wools shown (1851) by Messrs. Isaac Figdor & Sons, of Vienna, Austria, received the Coun- 
cil Medal, (equivalent to a Grand Prize) as the best German wools, and hence the best in the 
entire Exhibition— possessing the "desired qualities of substance in the staple and firmness and 
elasticity of the component fibres, the spiral curves of which are close and regular, and are im- 
mediately resumed after being obliterated by stretching the fibre, the length of which is also con- 
siderable for wool of this 'carding 1 quality, the most valuable for the finest descriptions of 
cloth." 



69 

girth, 3 feet 3 inches ; weight of carcass, 110 pounds, of fleece 
9£ pounds in the dirt. Ewe 4 years old : Length, 3 feet ; height, 
1 foot 11 inches ; girth, 2 feet 11 inches ; weight of carcass, 72 
pounds ; weight of fleece, 5 pounds in the dirt. 

The flock was founded by the family of the present owner, M. 
le General Baron Girod, at Naz, in France, from selections out of 
the merinos brought into France from Spain in 1799, and is 
claimed to have been bred in-and-in, to the present time, without 
the introduction of any other blood whatever. The wool has 
received first class medals at competitive exhibitions in Paris, in 
1823, '27, '34, '39, '44/55, '60 and '67— in London, in 1851 and '62. 
They are said to be hardy and to flourish even on humid or marshy 
lands, and on the scanty pasturage afforded by the sides and sum- 
mits of the Jura mountains ; that on better pastures the weight of 
fleece may be considerably increased without sensibly affecting 
the fineness of the fibre or its value in any respect for use in the 
manufacture of the finest cloths. 

Unquestionably, this flock has received the greatest care, and 
has attained to that uniformity and stability of characteristics 
necessary to assure the transmission of their qualities in a marked 
degree, when individuals are used among other varieties of the 
merino family as breeders. Most American shepherds, however, 
object to breeding so closely as this flock has been bred, and would 
apprehend a serious want of constitutional vigor. They secrete 
less gum and yolk than the Negretti, and hence their fleeces lose 
a much less per cent . in washing. 

The Mauchamp, taking their name from the place of their 
origin in France, Department of Aisne, sprang from a cross of the 
French merino on the Kentish or old Lincolnshire of England. 
One of this produce, seemingly a sport, showed a fleece with little 
resemblance to that of either parent. It had neither the crimp 
nor elasticity of the merino, scarcely any undulation at all in the 
fibre ; nor the coarse long fibre of the other; but was found to 
exceed the merino an inch or two in length, as well as somewhat 
in fineness, and to have a silky softness, a lustre of great beauty, 
together with much strength. From this animal, by judicious 
selections and careful breeding, Jean Louis Graux, of Mauchamp, 
established a flock for which he received the only Council Medal 
awarded to a sheep breeder at the London International Exhibi- 
tion of 1851, and in awarding which the jury state it to have been 



70 

awarded for "the origination of a new and valuable quality of 
wool, giving to the variety of merino the best quality for combing, 
and possessing increased strength, brilliancy and fineness of 
fibre.' 5 

As bred by Mr. Graux, the Mauchamp is not above middle size 
notwithstanding its descent. A ram 4 years old, at the Garden 
of Acclimation, measured^feet 11 inches in length ; height at the 
shoulder, 2 feet 4 inches; girth, 3 feet 7 inches ; entire weight, 130 
pounds ; weight of last fleece, 12 pounds in the dirt. A ewe 3 
years old, measured in length 3 feet; height at shoulder 1 foot 
1 If inches ; girth, 2 feet 11 inches; entire weight, 75 pounds; 
weight of last fleece, 6 pounds in the dirt; the shrinkage by wash- 
ing in cold water could not exceed. 25 per cent., as there is little 
grease, gum or yolk in the wool. 

Mr. Graux' management of the flock, keeping them on rather 
short allowance, does not favor the early maturity or increased 
proportions of the sheep ; but experiments with selections made 
from his flock for the Imperial flock of Gevrolles, (Department 
of Cote d' Or) have demonstrated, as asserted by undoubted autho- 
rity, that, transferred to more abundant and nutritive pastures, 
the same sheep may be bred up to a development of carcass ap- 
proaching their long-wooled English ancestry, producing heavier 
fleeces, still retaining their peculiar features of lustre, brilliancy, 
fineness and strength of fibre. They have been christened " in- 
digenous Cashmeres." 

At the Imperial sheep farm referred to, the experiment has 
also been made of crossing the Mauchamp on the Bambouillet 
merino, and with the happiest results. A wool is produced of 
more lustre and greater length and fineness than the pure 
Eambouillet, and of more elasticity than the Mauchamy. The 
cross, not being a violent one, owing to the relationship of the 
races, its effects are not harsh. 

And here I confess to a strong conviction that, from the best 
information I could obtain, and the opportunity was favorable, 
the Mauchamp, being in its origin a sort of connecting link be- 
tween the long combing-wool varieties and the descendants of the 
merinos of Spain, offers a most promising medium for the amelio- 
ration of the merinos and their crosses in the United States — a 
medium of converting the latter from being the producers of a 
variety of wool of which there is now more in proportion to the de- 



n 

mand for manufacture than of any other, into the producers of a 
variety for which there is great demand and almost no source of sup- 
ply among our home flocks. Of the 20,000,000 pounds of combing 
wools of all grades demanded by our manufacturers we produce 
a scant million. If, too, I am not mistaken — or rather, if the same 
results as obtained by the cross of the Eambouillet and Mauchamp 
in France shall attend the experiment of coupling the Mauchamp 
with the merinos here — a few years at most, by judicious breeding, 
would give us the most valuable combing-wool in the world, and 
in any desirable quantity. 

The parentage of the Mauchamp speaks for itself on the 
question of native vigor of constitution ; you have seen samples 
of the wool and observed that it is entirely exceptional in its 
character for brilliancy of lustre and fineness — regarded as a 
combing-wool ; I have stated the reputed origin of the race, 
and well authenticated facts in relation to the improvement 
for combing purposes obtained in the merinos of France by 
crossing with the variety under consideration; no one is ignorant 
of the fact that if a large proportion of the American merinos 
could be at once changed to producers of good combing wool, a 
much enhanced price would be realized for both home-grown 
carding and combing wool ; you are all familiar with the fact that, 
other things being equal, the most lustrous and finest combing 
wool is worth most in market ; and I therefore venture to suggest 
that if some enterprising wool grower, or better, perhaps, if the 
Illinois State Wool Growers' Association will appropriate a few 
hundred dollars to the purchase and importation of male animals 
(chiefly) of this breed, they may find in this Frenchman a veritable 
Moses to both the almost despairing fraternity of merino growers 
and the equally embarrassed brotherhood ot lustre-goods manu- 
facturers in the United States. 

1 have great confidence in the success of such an experiment, 
and see no other inviting way open to rescue thousands of the 
most perfect and well formed heavy fleeced merino ewes from the 
butcher's knife — no other means of using our already accumulated 
stock in the production of the best and most valuable combing wool 
in the world. 

All the long-wooled varieties will, in any event, take care of 
themselves ; their fleeces will always be in demand, and there is 
not the slightest danger of over-production ; but as lustre, more 



72 

than any other quality, determines the relative value of even 
long-wools, it is not impossible that a cross or two of the Mau- 
champ on the Cotswolds, Leicesters, and others of the same class, 
may add many cents per pound to the value of the best long wool 
grown here. Of itself, the Mauchampis not so desirable with us ; 
because, as is the case with the Cashmere-goat hair or wool, its 
purpose is entirely special, and we have not yet much machinery 
adapted to its manufacture. However, while the demand for all 
grades of combing wools increases more rapidly than the supply, 
the tendency of our manufacturing industry is constantly to run 
on firmer and more lustrous fabrics, requiring a fibre more nearly 
every year approaching that of the Maueliarnp; and if the pro- 
duction of the raw material could but keep pace with the demand, 
the progress would be still more rapid, and the amount of manu- 
facture proportionally increased. 

A glance at the sheep husbandry of the United States to-day, 
reveals the fact that the great mass of those devoted to growing 
wool are stocked with Merinos and their short-wool grades, and 
that enough are so engaged and competing in the market for the 
sale of this class of wool, as to comparatively supply the demand; 
so that manufacturers, by the aid of importations of a low-priced, 
inferior wool from South America, have heretofore, with excep- 
tional years, managed to fix the price of each succeding clip, and, 
in the last two years, have purchabed it at rates almost ruinous to 
the farmer. 

On the other hand, a small number are engaged in growing 
longer and coarser wooled varieties ; and, with the ever-increasing 
demand, fail to furnish one-fifth of an adequate supply. Nor is 
it practicable for American manufacturers to obtain an adequate 
supply elsewhere. The consumption in Europe requires all that 
is there produced, so that Canada regularly reaps the chief part 
of the rich harvests which should be gathered by the wool growers 
of the States. 

How is this condition of things to be best and quickest 
changed ? How is the production of combing- wool in the United 
States to be most rapidly augmented ? 

Clearly, it must be the work of generations to breed the long 
wooled sheep up to the number required, if, with the increased 
consumption of the fabrics, it is practicable at all. The annual 
numerical increase of the flocks is not more than 35 per cent, on 



73 

the whole number of sheep, which is not greater than the annual 
increase of the lon^-wool demand. 

I have, for these and other reasons, therefore, no expectation that 
any sensible measure of relief will be afforded, unless it be 
through the use of a considerable proportion of the Merinos 
themselves as the basis of a change. I do not believe it possible 
to make progress relatively with the demand in any other manner. 

It will effect nothing to say " the western prairies are covered 
with the most nutritious grasses, and supplied with abundant 
cheap food, therefore raise the large-carcassed, long-wooled sheep" 
Where, pray, is the breeding stock to come from ? Our flock- 
masters have more sheep now than it is profitable either to kill or 
to keep. They cannot buy others, unless they can sell or ex- 
change what they already have ; neither of which is practicable. 
Crossing Cottswold or Leicester rams on Merino ewes, would be 
attended with much hazard, as every shepherd understands, while 
the mixed fleece would, in almost every instance, be uneven 
and otherwise defective. The experiment has been often tried, 
but rarely with satisfactory results, and never, unless in the origin 
of the Mauchamp variety, except after many years of careful breed- 
ing, has a distinct race, with fixed characteristics, been established. 

With the close blood relationship of the Mauchump and Merino, 
with the demonstrated effects of the second cross at Gevrolles, 
and with the unsurpassable lustrous fibre of the Mauchamp all in 
view, the elements of success and the best financial results seem 
within the reach of the western flockmaster who will promptly 
strike out in this direction. 

The Rambouillet flock I had the opportunity of seeing at the 
Imperial Farm of that name, which I visited on the 13th of July, 
1867, at the invitation of Mr. Tisserand, who for some ten years 
past has had the supervision and general management of the 
agricultural domains of the Crown, and to whose courtesy 1 am 
much indebted for a large share of the pleasure enjoyed, and 
information obtained, during my stay in France. 

The estate of Kambouillet, consisting of many thousand acres, 
(some 35,000, I believe) lying some 32 miles south-west of Paris, 
on the railway to Chartres, is devoted by the present Emperor 
to purposes of the chase and to the maintenance of the celebrated 



10 



74 

flock of sheep.* The farm proper comprises about 2,500 acres; 
of which some 750 are under cultivation. The present flock con- 
sists of about 1,000 sheep, some 400 of them being breeding 
ewes. So much of the crop as may be required to maintain this 
number of sheep well, is harvested, and the residue is consumed 
by the game of all choice varieties of bird and beast yet acclima- 
ted in France. 

The sheep-folds and all structures for the accommodation of the 
sheep are. of course, well arranged, roomy, well ventilated, and 
complete in appointment. I noticed a small wooden roller set 
into each jamb of every door through which the animals had 
occasion to pass, and which seemed to serve an admirable pur- 
pose in preventing injury from bruising the bodies or starting the 
wool, as they pressed through — it was about 3^ feet long, 4 
inches in diameter, and shouldered in. 

When the flock was founded in 1786, by the present of a num- 
ber of choice animals from the King of Spain to Louis XIV., por- 
traits in oil of the rams and ewes were taken and are still pre- 
served, to show by comparison, the improvement effected. Up 
to 1860, no introduction of other animals than those bred from 
the originals had been permitted. I have an impression, which 
however may be erroneous, that about that year the services of 
one or more superior animals^ bred elsewhere, were called into 
requisition. Whether this be so or not, there did not seem to be 
quite the uniformity which one would naturally expect to see 
where, with a limited number of animals, under the same condi- 
tions, in-and-in-breeding had been strictly pursued for eighty-one 
years. In general they possess great size, and a remarkably robust 
fullness of muscular development rarely found among merinos; 
the wool, though not very fine, is long, sound, stylish, with an 
even crimp, and. much elasticity and strength of staple. Nearly 

*The Director of this Imperial sheep-walk is M. le Baron Daurier, son of an officer of the 
same name, who served under General LaFayette in the American Revolution, and at the close 
became an officer in the Revolutionary Order of the Cincinnati. On the decease of the father, 
hy the recommendation of Geuer 1 LaFayette, the present Baron Daurier succeeded, by special 
decree, to the degrees of his father in the Order. Learning that I was an American, the old 
gentleman seemed to take pleasure in manifesting the pride he might justly feel in the patriotic 
career of his father, and permitted me to examine the correspondence and diplomas relating to 
his connection with this illustrious Order. He is hale, hearty and well preserved, at about 70 
years of- age, and led the party, consisting of Mr. T., Mr. Aureliano of Bucharest, and myself, 
with apparent ease in a ramble over the estate of several hours. We were received by the 
Director and his good lady, and entertained in the most hospitable manner. 



75 

all the males not selected for breeding to the same flock, are 
readily sold at from $20 to $500, and find their way to all parts 
of the world. Of late Australians have been large purchasers. 
Three splendid rams were shown me which had just been sold to 
go to Australia, at $400 each ; and one at $30. 

That crossing good specimens of the pure Rarribouillet sheep 
Upon the mixed merinos and grades of this country, would be 
followed by some improvement in length of fibre, and possibly 
in many cases, give a length suitable for combing as de laine, may 
be readily supposed ; but all things considered, the Mauchamp 
cross would probably result far better. 

New England woolen manufacturers, as I have the best 
authority for saying, have no difficulty in discovering in the 
spirit and enterprise manifested throughout the Northwest, by 
the erection of woolen mills for the manufacture of the medium 
and coarser fabrics, that this extensive district, where all the 
necessary elements are found clustered together, is soon to be- 
come the producer of its own goods of this class ; that the star of 
empire is already casting its rays over this land of plenty. They 
are inclined to accept the situation kindly, and, by favor of their 
already skilled labor, large capital and rich experience, to assume 
towards the West the position which England and France have 
heretofore held towards the whole United States — turning their 
looms and spindles to the production of fine cloths and other 
tissues of expensive luxury. 

Thus will arise a still greater demand for the fine, lustrous 
combing, as well as for the fine, short-staple carding wools.* 

In view of this approaching condition of the woolen industry, 
it may be that in mild climates, and such other favoring circum- 
stances as are presented towards the southern extremity of the 
Apalachian chain of mountains, or almost anywhere in the Uni- 
ted States, south of 36 Q north latitude, the pure Negretti or 
Merino de Naz bred to the finest, short-stapled, heavy-fleeced 
Spanish or American merinos, would prove an entire success in 
all respects ; there is, indeed, little doubt of it, if prudently con- 
ducted ; and from some such enterprise, persistently carried out, 
it seems to me, must come the home supply of fine short-staple, 
suited to the advanced standard of New England manufacture — 

•In Europe wools are sometimes combed which are but 1# to 2 inches in length; the Ameri- 
can factories, however, divide the two classes on 3 to 3# inches. 



76 

taking for the basis, as in the case of the improved combing-wools, 
the best selections from the varieties of sheep now on the fields 
of the North and West. 

I have not cared to call attention to, or to describe at all, the 
other races of sheep and classes of wool which were shown at the 
Exposition. -Those referred to are typical of their respective 
classes, and with all the long-wools of the British Isles, American 
shepherds are already well acquainted. 

It may however, be well to state the varieties of sheep in con- 
nection with the classes of goods to the manufacture of which 
their fleeces are in general best adapted, to-wit : 

For Lustre Goods, pure and mixed — such as poplins, mohairs, 
grenadines, alpacas, 'etc., the Mauchamp, New Lincolnshire, 
Romney Marsh, and some families of the Leicestershire. 

For Worsteds: the very longest stapled American, French and 
Rambouillet merinos, the Leicesters, Cotswolds, Romney Marsh, 
and all long wooled breeds. 

For Rich Carpets: the Mauchamp and Camaranian wool, An- 
gora goafs hair, with mixtures of less costly and shorter fibres. 
Jjf.For Cloths of medium fineness^and finish, Tweeds, etc.: Amer- 
ican and French merinos, and all other varieties of sheep, pro- 
ducing the middle* grades of short staple. 

For Fine Broadcloths: Negretti, Merino de Naz, some families 
of the Saxony and other European races producing a staple of 
superior felting properties and sufficient fineness. 

As South America] is the great competing producer of fine 
wools with North America, it may not be uninstructive to look 
at the figures in regard to the increase, price of the sheep, wool- 
product, and sale of wool on a noted sheep farm of that country. 
The following is a copy of a circular intended for those persons 
designing to engage in sheep-husbandry in that region : (The 
samples of wool were on exhibition, and a portion of many of 
them were presented me in exchange, and are among the collec- 
tion in the Society's Rooms.) 

*Not used technically, as understood by manufacturers, who in England classify wool with 
the nicest distinction into almost innumerable grades. Some American mills sort into super- 
super, super, extra, prime, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th; nearly half of the whole consumed being 
from prime to 2d inclusive which are the middle grades. 



77 






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78 

This Entancia consists of 40,000 English acres of fine grazing land, and for the 
last 12 years has proved one of the most flourishing sheep farms on the River Plate. 

On the 31st December, 1866, the total count of sheep was 52,585 

The sales since the commencement have been 62,502 

Making a total of 11 5,087 

Deduct original stock placed there in 1854 7,868 

Shows an increase since that period of. 107,219 

The quantity of wool received since the commencement has been 1,038,854 lbs., 
partly washed and partly unwashed. The clip of 1866 was 8,300 arrobas of 25 fi>s. 
each, unwashed, and was delivered for an American manufacturer at 5£ patacones 
^ arroba, equal to 10^d. ^ ft>., free on board, including locks and bellies. 

ANGORA GOAT'S WOOL. The publications by Hon. I. S. 
Diehl, in the Reports of the Department of Agriculture and 
Agricultural papers of the United States, have placed the public 
in possession of all the material facts in regard to the importa- 
tion, propagation, and value of this Goat as a producer of wool. 
Mr. D. was at the Exposition pursuing his researches with char- 
acteristic enthusiasm and industry, and has since made another 
importation of a flock of the goats. I learned nothing in relation 
to them or the uses of their beautiful fleeces, with which you are 
not already familiar. 

If, however, the preceding suggestion of crossing Merino ewes 
with Mauchamp rams should be acted upon, and the experiment 
result, as I trust it will, successfully, we may have in this country 
at the end of a few years, so large a quantity of exceedingly lus- 
trous, fine wool, that the slow and expensive process of importing 
and breeding entire flocks of Cashmere or Angora goats or other 
single race for combing- wo ol, will seem undesirable. 

TOBACCO. — Another cosmopolite, surely, of which, in its 
multitude of unaccountably seductive forms, there was a large 
exhibition. "Vice has long legs, and virtue must needs run fast 
to overtake it." It has so happened that whenever this "narco- 
tic, emetic and cathartic " plant (Nicotiana tabacum) has been 
introduced to man, savage and civilized alike have given it a 
reception due only to a more worthy stranger, and have cherished 
it with an affection and cultivated it with an assiduity, rarely 
accorded even to better things. It took the Potato, for example, 
from its introduction into Alsace on the Rhine, in 1596, more 
than two hundred years to find its way to public and general 
favor in that province, although destined to become the food 



79 

basis of the population ; whilst tobacco, which began to be culti- 
vated there in 1620, was produced as an article of commerce at 
the close of the seventeenth century, or in about eighty years, to 
the amount of 5,000,000 ft>s.! and from 1718 reached about 
8,000,000 lbs.; employing in Strasburg alone, 8,000 workmen in 
seventy-two factories.* I was under the impression that the Uni- 
ted States was entitled to the " bad pre-eminence " of using more 
tobacco in proportion to population than any other country, until 
in the room of the South Kensington Museum (London) at the 
Exposition, a table, of which the following is the substance, met 
my eye : 

Relative annual consumption of Tobacco in the following countries in ounces per head 
of the male population : 

1st Zollverein, embracing all the Ger- 8th France 89^ 

man States except Austria. . . . 155 9th Spain '. 76% 

2d Belgium 143 10th Sweden 69% 

3d Holland 131 11th Great Britain 65>£ 

4th Denmark 126 12th Portugal 56 

5th United States. . 120 13th Sardinia ; 45 

6th Austria 107 14th Tuscany 40 

7th Norway 101^ 15th Papal States 32 

The relative annual consumption of Tea, stated in ounces per head of the whole popu- 
lation, is as follows : 

1st Great Britain 35 4th France 1 

2d United States. 15% 5th Zollverien % 

3d Russia 4 

The relative annual consumption of Sugar stated in ounces per head of the whole pop- 
ulation, is as follows : . . , . 

1st United States. 40 4th France 4 

2d Great Britain 30 5th Austria \% 

3d Belgium 6 6th Russia 1>| 

First in Sugar, second in Tea, and fifth in Tobacco, is not so 
bad as it might be. 

The highest award reached by the United States on Tobacco 
was a Silver Medal, for Snuff exhibited by a New Orleans firm. 
Few foreigners are competent judges of chewing tobacco — the 
use of it in that form being chiefiy confined in Europe to Ameri- 
cans and sailors — and it is not unlikely that our exhibition was 
not properly appreciated. The West Indies, Central and South 
America, as was to be expected, were large and successful exbi- 
tors — mainly of cigars, cigarettes and the leaves. The superiority 
of their products of this class is universally acknowledged, and 
is owing, doubtless, not to any meiit in their processes of cultiva- 
tion, curing or manufacture, so much as to the effect of their 
peculiar climate and soil on the qualities of the plant itself. 

*M. Tissetand— Enquete agricole, 13th Cir. 



80 

SIXTH GKOUP. — The man who could have taken position 
any where on the elevated platform of that great Machinery Nave 
and looked down along its gracefully curving line, listening to the 
busy hum of its numberless machines, whose cunning was conse- 
crated to the "Common Arts " — the arts by which countless mil- 
lions of mankind in all enlightened countries live and thrive — 
without feeling his hope and faith in universal progress renewed 
and confirmed, must have been of those who u having eyes see 
not and having ears hear not." It is here humanity has the 
largest interest — here where the triumph of mind over matter, in 
grasping natural elements and forces and subjecting them to pur- 
poses of man's daily life, is most clearly manifest. No nation is 
great which is not great in this. 

The steam power demanded by the exhibitors of each nation 
requiring it, was distributed as follows : France, 305 horse-power; 
England, 100 do.; United States, 50 do.; Belgium, 40 do.; North 
German Confederation, 35 do.; Austria, 20 do.: Switzerland, 17 
do.; South German States, 15 do.; total 582 horse-power. The 
power demanded by the hydraulic and ventilation services of 
the Exposition was about as much more. Those furnishing their 
own motive force were France, England, Belgium and the North 
German Confederation; the others were suppled by French arti- 
sans ; and it touched the pride of more than one American visitor 
to observe the beautiful Corliss Engine, represented on the oppo- 
site page, and to which was awarded a Gold Medal, standing idle 
throughout the Exposition, by the side of a French engine which 
furnished the power for American machinery — in seeming acknow- 
ledgment of inferiority.* 

In addition to the 1,229 feet of double line of shafting moved 
by steam-power, isolated gas-motors were placed wherever re- 
quired, and served to propel many light machines. Between the 
sections of this gallery, thus furnished with motive power, were 
constantly performed under the eye of the visitor, the thousand 
little operations of manual industry which belong to the house- 
hold or the small shop of the modest artisan. The nimble-fingered 

*It is due to the Corliss Steam Engine Company of Providence, Rhode Island, who manifested 
the enterprise and incurred the large outlay necessary to make this exhibit, to say that, up to a 
late hour they expected to use this engine in the American section, and it is also due to the U. S. 
Commissioner General to say that he claims to have yielded only to a necessity in employing the 
services of another, not having been definitely assured, in time, that the Corliss Engine would 
be sent. 



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81 

lace-makers with their cushions and pins and bobbins, the glass- 
blowers, the makers of glass flowers, beads, etc., the hatters, hair- 
workers, comb-makers, shoe-makers, manufacturers of pocket- 
books, cork-cutters, confectioners, printers and hundreds of others 
were plying their curious trades and selling their " Souvenirs of 
the Exposition" from day to day. 

Among the first things in this group which attracted my atten- 
tion, were the inscriptions which our British friends, whose real 
merit will always be received as ample apology for considerable 
ostentation and even occasional blunders, had emblazoned on the 
immense windows of their section of this Gallery, and most of 
which I copied, as follows — each occupying one window, and 
sometimes referring to a drawing by its side : 

"First Carding Engine, made and worked by Richard Arkwright in MDCCLXIX." 

"First Spinning Machinema.de and worked by Richard Arkwright in MDCCLXIX." 

"Watt's first Sun-and-Planet Engine, in 1788, by which rectilineal was converted 
into rotary motion for the purpose of driving machinery." 

"Bell-rock Light House lighted in 1811. Robert Stevenson, Engineer. (Commis- 
sioners of Northern Light Houses, Scotland.)" 

"Remains of the first Steam Engine to which the separate condenser and air-pump 
invented by James Watt were applied in 1*777." 

"Telegraphy — An apparatus for transmitting signals by galvanic electricity, in- 
vented by Cook and Wheatstone in 1837." 

"Telegraphy — An instrument for transmitting through 8 miles of wire, signals by 
tension electricity; invented by Mr F. Ronalds, formerly of Hammersmith, in 1816." 

"Gas — Gas-meter or gauge invented by Samuel Clegg, in 1815, and first used in 
the Peter St. Gas works at Westminster." 

"Locomotives — The Rocket, made by George Stephenson in 1829 — gained the prize 
of £500 in the Liverpool and Manchester competition." 

"Locomotives — The Sanspareil, made by Timothy Hackworth — ran in the competi- 
tion on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829. 

"Locomotives — The Novelty, made by Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericsson — ran in 
the competition on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829." 

"Locomotives — Puffing Billy, made by William Hedley in 1813 to work the Wylam 
Collieries — the first locomotive engine with smooth wheels." 

"Steam Navigation — William Symington's paddle-wheel engine propelled a small 
double boat in Scotland in 1788. This was the first successful practical experiment 
in steam navigation." 

"Steam Navigation— Henry Bell's steamboat, the Comet, first navigated the Clyde 
in 1812 for passengers and goods and introduced steam navigation into Europe." 

"Stockton and Darlington Railway incorporated in 1821. This, the first Locomo- 
tive used on a public railway, was built by George Stephenson in 1825, and contin- 
ued to run over the Stockton and Darlington Railway till 1846." 



82 

"Penny Postage invented by Rowland Hill, K. 0. B, Number of letters in 1839, 
82,470,596— in 1866, 597,277,616." 

"Navigation — A Magnetic Needle was first used in a compass in 1300, by Flavio 
Gioja di Amalfi. The number of Steamships belonging to Great Britain is 2,523, 
registering 766,200 tons." 

"Sedan Chairs first introduced into England in 1581; they came into fashion in 
London in 1634, when Sir Francis Duncombe obtained the sole privilege to use, let 
and hire them, and they came into general use in 1649." 

"Hackney Coaches were first set up in London by Capt. Bailey in 1625." 

I shall not attempt to describe, much less to speak critically of, 
the display in this group — it was simply magnificent, marvelous, 
grand. 

Almost every nation was compelled to provide space outside 
the Palace for the exhibition of portions of its implements and 
machinery properly belonging here; and unfortunately for the 
appearance of the United States' section, nearly all our nationally 
characteristic, world-renowned contributions were unwisely placed 
in a shed, where not one visitor in a hundred saw them at all, 
and where, of course, they added little to the eclat of our exhibi- 
tion. Thus, the Locomotive sent by the Grant Locomotive 
"Works, of Paterson, New Jersey, one of the most elegant speci- 
mens of fine work and high finish at the Exposition ; a street rail- 
way car ; all our sewing and knitting machines, of which there 
was a large exhibition ; our agricultural implements, reapers, mow- 
ers, plows, etc.; carriage and wagon work ; pumps; a very large 
exhibition of scales by the Howe Scale Company and Fairbanks, 
were not to found in the Palace at all ; in short, more gold medals 
were awarded to objects belonging to this group placed in this 
annex, than to those that were permitted to remain in the Pal- 
ace ! Most American visitors were not so charitable as to attri- 
bute such manifest and damaging mistake to the want of intel- 
ligence merely, on the part of the United States Commissioner 
General; and I can find no terms suitable to express the righteous 
indignation of nearly every American exhibitor towards Mr. 
Beckwith for his unblushing persistence, against repeated and re- 
spectful protest, in this and other even more serious errors. 

AGKICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. 

It will be observed that Class 48 of the 6th. Group, embraces in 
part, the same objects relating to rural work, as are included in 
Class 74 of the 8th. Group. Having received an appointment 



from the Imperial Commission to act as an associate member of 
the International Jury for Class 74 of the 8th Group, and having 
performed that duty from day to day and week to week, from the 
first of May until my departure in August, it will be better, per- 
haps, to speak of these objects in connection with my report on 
this Group. The original members of the Jury with whom I was 
thus brought in contact, were gentlemen either eminent for their 
technical and scientific learning, or large proprietors possessing 
much practical knowledge of the methods and processes of Euro- 
pean agriculture. It happened that several of them spoke the 
English language well, though all were natives of the continent 
of Europe. The courtesy uniformly extended to me, relieved 
the position from any embarrassment, and rendered the perfor- 
mance of its duties most agreeable. 

In addition to this opportunity of observing the agricultural 
practices and tools regularly exhibited in competition in the Pal- 
ace and at Billancourt, I visited Melun, as already stated ; the 
Imperial Farms at Lamotte-Beauvron, about 120 miles southwest 
of Paris ; at Rambouillet ; at Camp de Chalons, some 120 miles 
east in the Champaign district ; and the model farm at Yincennes, 
adjoining Paris — all but the first in company with Mr. Tisserand, 
who directs the operations and culture of each with great ability. 

In speaking of agricultural implements and machinery, inas- 
much as they are connected with a branch of industry of the first 
importance in the world and common to every part of it, the 
views expressed will necessarily be to some extent comparative ; 
it will therefore be well to bear in mind a few facts which lie at 
the foundation of Agriculture in Europe, and especially a few 
essential particulars in which the conditions controlling the pursuit 
of rural husbandry there differ from those present here in Illinois, 
and which were constantly forced upon my attention. Among 
these are : 

1st. In nearly all Europe, the tillable surface is exhausted of 
its primitive natural fertility — so much so, that without systematic 
and copious applications of fertilizers, it would respond with an- 
nual crops but a very few years at most. 

2d. Owing to the fact that only the inorganic or mineral basis 
of a soil is left, the elements of which vary with almost every 
geological formation upon which it rests, and of which it is sub- 
stantially composed, special cultures are the rule and mixed 1ms- 



84: 

bandry the exception. These cultures are still further confirmed 
and encouraged in many districts, by the general prevalence of 
household industries, drawing their supplies of raw materials 
from the products of tillage. 

3d. Population is very dense, and hence, manual labor is 
cheap ; while real estate, staple farm products, and the labor of 
all animals whose carcasses are not generally used for human food, 
are dear. 

4th. In no generous sense, can the laboring people of the ru- 
ral districts, in any part of the old world be called educated. 
Taught to regard themselves as "hewers of wood and drawers of 
water," for higher or more wealthy classes, and without what we 
call general intelligence, they are wedded to old ways, and mani- 
fest little elasticity of mind or aptitude to invent, or practice or 
appreciate new and better methods.* 

5th. Almost all important efforts and experiments, the result 
of which has been to improve agricultural practice and increase 
production, have originated with the governments, or in special 
schools maintained in whole or in part by governmental patron- 
age, as necessary measures of political economy. 

"We are all aware that precisely the opposite of each one of the 
foregoing propositions is true to-day in Illinois; and every reflect- 
ing mind will readily comprehend how, in one way and another, 
in processes, tools and methods of culture, farm husbandry must 
be modified by considerations of such fundamental importance. 

Seventy- four acres on the Island of Billan court, some three 
miles down the Seine from the city, had been designated as the 

*Onlythe laboring population strictly— those who till the soil with their own hands— are in- 
tended to be referred to in this proposition. No class of men probably anywhere, are more 
keenly solicitous for the adoption of all real improvements, or seize upon and adopt them in 
practice so far as possible, come from where they may, than intelligent proprietors in France. 
At the close of the International Exposition of 1856, the official reporter, after acknowledging 
in no measured terms, the superior construction of plows and some other farm implements of 
English manufacture, and his unbounded admiration for the American Mowing and Reaping 
Machines, urges in behalf of the Jury, the reduction of the tariff on manufactures of this cl ss» 
and at least on those taking prizes. I translate a paragraph or two: "Let foreign agricultural 
machines and implements of culture enter France by means of moderate tariffs and they will 
extend themselves throughout all rural operations; the most humble blacksmith of the villages 
will know how to imitate good models, to simplify the too costly parts, and progress will cease 
to be stopped at the frontier. This is an international question and not merely a French ques- 
tion. Foreign manufacturers ask only an increase of the market on which to throw their imple- 
ments; farmers are convinced of the immense advantage there is in the adoption of certain me- 
chanical inventions made abroad, and regret that financial obstacles present themselves so that 
these inventions cannot penetrate in every place where a grain of wheat can sprout." 

This may be accepted to-day as the expression of enlightened public opinion on the continent 
of Europe, if not in the British Isles. 



85 

place for holding the trial of all agricultural implements, except 
those for harvesting grass and cereals, which last it was early 
known would be tested on the Imperial farm of Fouilleuse, some 
six miles south-west, near St. Cloud. 

The order assigned for the entire exhibition at this Island was 
as follows: 

APRIL, first fortnight. Plows of all kinds — hydraulic machines — steam machines. 

Second fortnight. Steam plows — harrows, rollers, weeders, scarifiers, — devi- 
ces for working up clays, etc., machines for making drain tile. 
MAY. First fortnight. Seeders and distributors of manures — flax and hemp dress- 
ing machines — vehicles, harness — scales — churns and dairy utensils. 
Second fortnight. Mowers, hay-tedders, rakes and other hay-making imple- 
ments for use in gathering, pressing and preserving hay. 
JUNE. First fortnight. Farriery. Examination of rural establishments. 

Second fortnight. Straw-cutters, root-cutters — horse-hoes, hilling imple. 
ments — mills. 
JULY. First fortnight. Apparatus for shearing different domestic animals. 

Second fortnight. Reapers and implements for harvesting cereals. 
AUGUST. First fortnight. Threshing and other machines designed for cleaning and 
preserving seeds. 
Second fortnight. Farm furnaces, apparatus for cooking legumes, for wash- 
ing, for the manufacture of manures. 
SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER. Examination of specimens of divers Agricultural 
industries. 

The exhibition of Animals at Billancourt took place in the 
following order: 

APRIL. First fortnight. Breeding-sheep for mutton. 

Second fortnight. Fat animals. 
MAY. First fortnight. Breeding-cattle for the dairy. 

Second fortnight. Breeding-sheep for wool. 
JUNE. First fortnight. Draft-horses. 

Second fortnight. Poultry. 
JULY. First fortnight. Work-cattle (breeders). 

Second fortnight. Horses for pleasure—for saddle, for hunting, for carriage, 
ponies, etc. 
AUGUST. First fortnight. Dogs. 

Second fortnight. Work cattle. (They should be sent in pairs, and trained 
to yoke or collar. Special trials will take place to test their aptitude for 
work.) 
SEPT. First fortnight. Breeding-swine. 

Second fortnight. Asses, mules, crosses of the horse and ass. 
OCT. First fortnight. Neat cattle for beef. (Fat animals and breeders). 

Second fortnight. Divers acclimated animals and such as are susceptible of 
being. 

PLOWS. — Not being connected with the Jury until the first 
of May, the trials of the Plows had taken place while my atten- 
tion was engrossed by events transpiring at Champ de Mars, and 
I did not see the operation of these implements, but only the 



ground as they left it at the close of the trials, and the plows at 
rest. It would require a discussion of mathematical laws in their 
application to the construction of this important implement, for 
which 1 am illy prepared, and illustrative diagrams for which 
there is no provision, to report in detail intelligibly and to con- 
sider fully the comparative merits of the plows exhibited. I 
must therefore speak in general terms, as my promise is to tell 
you how things seemed to me, rather than absolutely how or what 
they were. 

No American plows* were tried ; the prizes they received hav- 
ing been awarded to them without removal from the Annex. 

The English seem to have attained perfection in the construc- 
tion of a plow which realizes their ideas of perfect work — to turn 
a furrow slice, at whatever depth, so evenly and gradually as 
scarcely to disturb its component particles of earth in their rela- 
tions to each other. The inversion may be more or less complete, 
but the line of furrow must be entirely straight, and the furrow- 
slice unbroken. With them this implement is in no sense a pulver- 
iser to any extent ; after-labors with other tools must prepare the 
seed-bed for the reception of the grain and the extension of the 
supporting roots. The function of the plow is fulfilled in their 
view when the soil to be tilled is severed from its bed and wholly 
or partially inverted, so that the blades and teeth of lighter imple- 
ments, aided by the crusher and roller, can pulverise its parts and 
evenly incorporate the applied manures. 

To attain the proposed ends, the English manufacturers and 
inventors have fully decided in favor of a plow with a mould- 
board of great length and curved with mathematical precision ; 
the beam and handles also very long; with an entire weight much 
greater than any of the same class manufactured here. For 
beautiful regularity and accuracy, I have never seen the plowing 
done by English plowmen at Billancourt equaled, rarely indeed 
approached ; and yet, the fact that no pulverization whatever is 
accomplished, necessitates an amount of subsequent work in har- 
rowing and rolling, which must, even in countries where labor is 
cheap, render the proper preparation of the soil exceedingly ex- 
pensive, and in this State, where the summer springs upon the 

•The only one in my charge was from Messrs. John Deere & Co., of Moline, which was sold 
to the Prussian Minister of Agriculture for $30 in gold— an A. No. 1, Clipper, without a coulter— 
and therefore not in condition to work on the ground selected for trial, which was green-sward. 



87 

farmer from the lap of winter, the seed would too often be thrown 
upon ground in bad condition to receive it. 

It is a practical, historical fact, I believe, that all plows brought 
to this State from Great Britain, (and there have been many), 
from the time of Mr. Birkbeck, about 1830, to a recent period, 
by those whose convictions amounted to strong prejudices against 
the American and in favor of the imported, and who had han- 
dled the latter in Britain for years, have failed to give satisfaction, 
and have invariably been discarded for those of our own first-rate 
makers. Generally they have not scoured, and have always been 
condemned as unwieldy, heavy-draft "horse-killers" — doing little 
execution in proportion to the strength of team required to draw 
them. 

From whatever considerations, it so happened that no British 
made plow received a prize at this International trial, although 
one of them was admitted to be held by the best plowman in 
England, and certainly performed its work to the entire satisfac- 
tion of its manufacturer. 

The English official reporter's criticism on American plows at 
the competition during the London Exhibition of 1851, was that 
they "are very elegant and light, but seem hardly steady enough 
for breaking up an English clover-ley," yet at that very trial Hale 
and Spear's American plow showed a lightness of draft (which 
should have been otherwise with much unsteadiness) of 530 points 
of resistance against 540 up to 659- points shown by plows of the 
best English patterns. 

The marked difference which strikes at first sight, between the 
American, (perhaps I should say Illinois,) and all foreign plows 
of acknowledged merit is that the mould-boards of the former are 
more upright and seem to present a more direct resistance to, 
amounting to a considerable pressure upon, the under surface of 
the rising furrow-slice, as it is thrown from the polished plate — a 
circumstance that would seem, if true, likely to tell against them 
in test of draft, but which in view of such test often made, it is 
to be concluded, is quite compensated for in some other manner. 
To my mind, in this very pressure is to be found the excellence 
of the plow as a pulveriser ; and all plows scientifically construct- 
ed on the principle of offering the least direct resistance or pres- 
sure upon the soil removed, will fail in this regard. No amount 
of cracking the furrow-slice, breaking it into cubes or sections by 



88 

twisting, and certainly no English plowing alone, will have the 
effect to comminute the soil or any considerable part of it, to a 
degree required by the plants it is afterwards to nourish. Positive 
pulverization — reducing to the finest particles — is the only condi- 
tion in which soil can be serviceable, except mechanically as a 
bed, to the rootlets of the growing crop, and hence I have seen 
the gardener with his spade (that choicest of all tools, properly 
used,) dig up the earth and deposit it inverted so carefully as to 
deprive it of all power to sustain vegetable life in a moderately 
dry season. A single stroke with the back of the spade as each 
spit was turned over, would have given the equivalent to the 
pressure or resistance of which I have spoken afforded by the 
Illinois plow. After the English plow or any other constructed 
to turn the furrow with the least resistance attainable, the harrow 
must follow with its teeth reaching the entire depth plowed 
and the roller must pass and repass over it, giving the needful 
comminuting pressure, or the soil will not be in proper tilth. 

Hence I believe the correctness of the principles upon which 
the plows of our best Illinois manufacturers, have been made to 
assume their present approved forms, short mould-boards and all, 
is fully established; and that the plows in whose construction 
those principles are applied, will in the future as in the past, give 
better satisfaction than others differently constructed with easier 
gradations and curves. 

To employ a plow which handles the soil more tenderly than 
is consistent with needful ease of draft, is bad farming and worse 
science; and to use an excess of material in its construction is 
bad mechanism and worse economy. Hence, you will rightly 
conclude that I saw no implements of this class made abroad at 
all comparable to the Illinois plows for the purposes to which 
they are and should be applied. 

The usual form of share and mould-board of our "prairie- 
breakers," adapted to turning a thin slice of sod without any pul- 
verization, very nearly approaches the approved English patterns, 
the depth of furrow being regulated at the farmer's option. 

SEEDEKS. — It is as well understood in Europe that the seed- 
drill in its most important parts and best forms is an English in- 
vention, as that the Heaping and Mowing Machines are Ameri- 
can. The French and others make good drills, but are free to 



89 

acknowledge their indebtedness to the Island across the channel 
for the chief feature- embodied in them. 

The point of principal excellence is the device for dropping. 
Revolving vertically in the seed-box are as many thin cast iron cir- 
cular plates of 6 to 8 inches in diameter, as there are dropping or 
guiding tubes in the drill; o.dinarily ten to tifteen on a drill of 
four feet in width. Projecting at right angles, (that is horizontal- 
ly) from near the edges of the plates, are as many cups (about 1-J 
inches in length,) or rather pegs with the ends formed into cups 
of say f of an inch in diameter — as may be required by the quan- 
tity of seed per acre to be sown. These cups revolving in the 
seed-box pass through the seed and carry it over to the hoppers 
in the dropping tubes, into which it falls when the necessary 
inclination is reached. These cups are removable, may be set at 
any inclination for delivery, and may be made, of any desirable 
size, so that the quantity of seed per acre, of whatever dimen- 
sions, whether corn or grass seed, may be accurately determined. 
Any of the plates may be removed or thrown out of gear, to 
regulate the distance between the rows; the cups revolve in sight 
of the attendant, so that any derangement is soon observed ; there 
is no cut-off or other device out of view or likely to be choked, 
or, in the operation of which, the seed is liable to be injured ; the 
rate of revolution is dependent on the gearing and may be regu- 
lated as required. Pulverized fertilisers, lime, guano, etc., may 
be deposited with the seed, if desirable. 

Por efficiency, regularity and certainty, this device leaves no- 
thing to be wished for. 

The devices for guiding the implement vary. Some are very 
ingenious — some so complicated as to be practically useless — some 
are in the form of levers in front of the wheels and controlled 
by a man who walks and watches the movement of the machine; 
some are guided by a crank passing from the front, where it ope- 
rates a cog gearing on a quarter circle, to the rear, where the arm 
enables a man to change the direction of the machine readily, etc. 

I do not remember any drill upon which the driver rode, and 
very few have tongues or shaf s, wlrck are supposed to interfere 
with guiding properly. In all cases, I believe, the horses were 
led by the bridle. At least two hands, and generally three, ac- 
companied each machine at work. The drill receiving the high- 
est prize, a Gold Medal, is manufactured' by Smyth and Sons, 



90 

Peasenhall, Suffolk, England. It is a combined seed and manure 
drill. Another, by James Coultas, of Grantham, England, pleased 
me very much. It drilled any kind of seed well and could be 
transformed into a broad-cast sower, simply by raising the tubes ; 
width 4 feet; price in London £27 10s. 

Of ROLLERS, HARROWS, SCARIFIERS, and other im- 
plements designed to prepare the soil and for tillage, there was, 
by several of the largest manufacturing establishments of Eng- 
land and France, an extensive, interesting and creditable show ; 
but I observed nothing especially new or valuable beyond what 
we are already familiar with in th ; s country. 

The only American implement of this class which received an 
examination on trial in the field, was Comstock's Rotary Spader, 
which performed in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to obtain 
the award of a Silver Medal. This machine, well known to you, 
is apparently winning its way to public favor in England and is 
being introduced upon the continent. 

MOWERS AND REAPERS.— It is not necessary for me to 
do more than refer to the results of the trials of these machines, 
. which being essentially the offspring of American necessity for 
economizing hand-labor, have reached a perfection at home, far in 
advance of anything attained elsewhere, even by palpable at- 
tempted imitations of the most important parts of our inventions. 
It is not improper, because entirely within the truth, to say that 
at least ten different machines of this class are largely manufac- 
tured in this country, either one of which is superior to any made 
abroad. 

The best European Reapers and Mowers were present at the 
four separate trials, (two of each) to which the jury subjected 
them, and, to any one acquainted with the successful operation of 
the American harvesters, in constant popular use, the fact just 
stated was abundantly plain. 

The American machines represented by, and operated under 
the direction of, the manufacturers, inventors, or their American 
agents, were the C. H. McCormick's combined,, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois; the Walter A. Wood's combined and single mower, of 
Hoosick Falls, New York; and the J. H. Perry's mower, of 
Kingston, Rhode Island* — all worthy representatives of this 

*Mr. McCormick and Mr. Perry were present in person. Mr. Wood was ably represented by 
Gen. Tibbetts, of New York. 



R£M 




91 

national specialty. Other patterns of American invention, the 
machines being made in England and France, were also present, 
but their performance was not what would have been confidently 
expected under other circumstances. 

The first day's operation was with the Mowers, Thursday, May 
23d in a piece of mixed luzerne, clover and grasses on the Impe- 
rial farm of Fouilleuse, some six miles southwest of Paris. The 
preparations were made in a manner highly creditable to those 
having them in charge. The crop was of rank growth and in 
some places lodged — the weather showery. The bottom was 
soft, uneven, with frequent small hillocks and abounding in pieces 
of cherty rock, lying on the surface. It was soon apparent that 
not only the cutting qualities of the machines were to be tested, 
but the temper of the cutting apparatus, if not, indeed, the tem- 
per of the gentlemen most interested in the result. 

The second trial of Mowers was held on the same field on the 
27th of July following — when the second crop was found to be 
quite as heavy as the first, with the surface a little more favorable 
to good work. 

As none but American Mowers received prizes for meritorious 
performance, I do not care to speak in detail of these trials, fur- 
ther than to say, that the test was a severe one, under which 
a very considerable number of the 19 machines entered, proved 
utter failures, and a large majority unequal to the completion in 
a workmanlike manner of the task assigned them — that on the 
part of the Jury it was conducted throughout in the most impar- 
tial and pains-taking manner possible, and on the part of the 
exhibitors with entire courtesy and the most commendable 
patience. The first and second prize machines, cuts of which 
I am enabled by favor of the makers, to insert in this report, 
richly deserved the honors so triumphantly won for themselves 
and their country, and which were freely bestowed by so compe- 
tent a body of foreign judges. 

The first day's trial of the Reaping Machines was held on the 
26th of July, on a field of wheat, separated by a road from that 
cut over by the Mowers. The grain on one portion of the tract 
was badly lodged and tangled — the estimated yield about 30 
bushels per acre. Sixteen machines were entered, and their po- 
sitions determined, as in case of the Mowers, by lot. Mr. Mc- 
Cormick drew as difficult a piece to do good work on as any in 



92 

the field; some of the other American machines were more for- 
tunate. 

The result of the day's work wis again to domonstrate the su- 
periority of the American harvesters, but it was thought best to 
adjourn the trial and re-assemble on the following 3Dth day of 
July, at the Imperial model farm of Vincennes, adjacent to Paris 
on the west. 

The flL'ld selected was in heavy oats, generally standing well, 
with a fair surface and occasional large trees, singly and in dumps. 
Each lot contained 27 ares — little more than half an acre. As a 
rule the machines performed better than in the wheat ; neverthe- 
less, the supremacy of the McCormick self raker was plainly ap- 
parent in style and quality of work. The first rank was assigned 
to McCormick ; the second to M. Durand of Paris, who operated 
a Seymour, Morgan and Allen machine of French manufacture ; 
the third to Mr. Massey of Canada, who operated a Wood ma- 
chine made in Canada; and another third to Messrs. Samuelson 
and Son of Ensdaml, whose machine wi h the American cutting 
apparatus, did good work, but which, from the fact that the driver 
walked and another hand was required to follow, in order to watch 
and clear the sickle, would hardly be an acceptable present to an 
Illinois farmer. 

At a previous meeting of the Jury, after full discussion, the 
same general regulations and arrangements for these trials, in- 
cluding the scales of points, were adopted as those established 
by the Board of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, for the 
trial of Harvesting Implements at Dixon, in July, 1862. 

The report of the Jury, embodying in detail descriptions of the 
competing machines and of the many incidents of the trials, will 
soon oe published, and 1 need not here repeat them in a less 
authentic form. 

The prestige acquired in Europe, by Mr. McCormick in many 
public competitions, and especially the developments of the great 
trials during the Exposition of 1855 at Paris, in which appeared 
the McCormick hand-raker, the Manny hand-raker, and the At- 
kins self-raker, while they prepared the minds of the Jury and 
the public to anticipate the success of the American machines, 
yet in view of rumors that son.e^of these latter had failed in the 
opinions of the juries there, to maintain their supremacy at cer- 
tain recent trials in England, and in view of the unsparing efforts 



93 

of several large manufacturing establishments in Great Britain 
to improve on the construction of this important machine, I con- 
fidently expected much closer competition. One may almost 
conclude, therefore, that in the plans of the essential working 
parts, our Reapers and Mowers have well nigh reached perfec- 
tion, and that the points of chief rivalry henceforth should be 
durability, by the use of the best materials ; and reduction of 
cost to the farmer, by improving the machinery lor their manu- 
facture. 

It was matter of regret that none of our Headers were present 
on this occasion. Their fame as harvesters had excited much 
anxiety in the minds of many to witness their performance, and 
I trust another such opportunity to popularize them in Europe 
will not be suffered to pass unimproved by those who are engaged 
in their manufacture. 

HAY TEDDERS.— After mowing came the trial of the ted- 
ders. The sight to me was entirely novel. Under the weeping 
summer skies of the British Isles, hay must sometimes be made 
when the sun does not shine; and on their meadows, bearing two 
or three tons of grass per acre, it could hardly be cured at all "in 
the swath," as it is generally cured with us ; hence the operation 
of turning and scatt* ring it for the purpose of drying it sufficient- 
ly to stack with safety, is always a heavy labor, oftentimes exceed- 
ing m cost the cutting. 

Hay-tedders are therefore a British specialty, growing out of 
the exceptional meteorological conditions of that country and 
have been used there in some form for sixty years. With their 
usual thoroughness and a most remunerative market among the 
wealthy proprietors of the realm, the manfacturers have succeed- 
ed in almost driving the old-fashioned forks from their meadows 
and during the past few years brought into use several imple- 
ments of this class which seem to lack only what an American 
would put on them at once — a seat for the driver — to leave nothing 
to be desired. 

It was an exhilarating sight to see the ten or a dozen tedders 
start upon their tasks, taking a width of about 7 feet 6 inches 
each, and throwing the grass up in clouds and backward by 
means of a reverse motion, from the tines of the revolving forks, 
until, but for the broad wire screens erected between them and 



94: 

the horses, the latter would have soon been buried. "The work 
done by one two-horse tedder, is equivalent to at least fifteen 
women with forks," (so it is said ; but as we in the United States 
do not use the same standard of measurement, each reader for 
himself, must reduce the " work of fifteen women with forks," 
to some intelligible quantity.) 

Hullard's American hay-tedder, with the veteran safe-maker — 
Silas Herring — in the seat, entered into the contest, but while 
the back-action of this implement may be well suited to the pur- 
pose in this country, it evidently did not sufficiently stir the grass 
to meet the views of the Jury. In clover or luzerne, which 
should be handled somewhat tenderly, it was judged likely to 
give satisfaction, but not in the usual meadow grasses. It re- 
ceived an Honorable Mention. 

The best tedder was adjudged to be that of W. N. Nicholson, of 
Newark, England. 

Of HORSE HAY-RAKES there were some which performed 
tolerably well, or would have done so if the grass had not been too 
wet for a fair and thorough trial. I observed no point, however, 
in which any of them seemed superior to those in ordinary use 
here. Invention has kept pace with the necessities of the farm- 
ers of the United States, in the construction of hay-gatherers, as 
well as of mowers, until it is not likely our best models are ex- 
celled. No American rake was present, and there was therefore, 
no opportunity for direct comparison of performance. 

FARM WAGONS.— The French and English carriages, ve- 
hicles of luxury, are so elegant in model and so highly finished 
in workmanship, that one is led to expect at least a modicum 
of symmetry and grace in humbler structures. The wagons 
made for the business of the express and transportation compa- , 
nies, are oftentimes of graceful proportions which in no way 
detract from their strength or durability ; but, like most other 
things designed for the use of the short pursed million who form 
the working substratum of European society, farm vehicles are 
by no means works of art. The extraordinary weight of material 
employed in their construction, is warranted only by the hard 
surfaces of their universally well kept roads and the low price of 
iron. With tires three to six inches broad and one-half to one 
inch thick, the remaining parts are made proportionally massive, 



95 

only that the material seems in some instances to be distributed 
without much regard to the durability of those parts upon which 
the wear and strain are greatest. The contrast presented by the 
comparatively neat, tidy, well-proportioned and strong wagon 
exhibited by Mr. Schuttler of Chicago, was very marked, and its 
construction appreciated by the Jury, who awarded to it a Silver 
Medal — the only other prize of equal grade on wagons having 
been awarded to an English firm, who made an extensive show of 
vehicles. I observed no forms or devices in connection with the 
exhibition of these objects which struck me as new or remarkable 
for merit. I am not sure that the emplojment of carts instead of 
four wheeled wagons, for the transportation on large farms, 
would not be an improvement, and especially an economy of 
labor of considerable importance in this western country. The 
facility with which they can be unloaded and turned in many places 
which are inaccessible to wagons, is certainly in their favor. 
Nearly all the ordinary transportation of the rural districts in 
Trance, is done with carts, upon which they heap up in the most 
artistic manner possible, immense loads — often employing two or 
more horses tandem. I often saw a single pair of wheels bearing 
up a load of ten tons in weight and drawn by seven to ten horses 
hitched in the same manner. 

Of ROOT-CUTTERS, STRAW-CUTTERS AND FEED- 
MILLS, there were many of both French and English manufac- 
ture, chiefly the latter. 

If the people of Great Britain have a weakness more promi- 
nently marked than any other, it is for good, fat, ripe meats. It 
the farmers of the kingdom are more justly famous for one thing 
above another, it is that they have intelligently and persevering- 
ly pursued the rearing of neat cattle, sheep and swine for the 
butcher, to better purpose and with evidently better success than 
any other farmers on the broad earth. If the climate and soil of 
Great Britain are better adapted to the practice of one branch of 
husbandry than any other, it is to the production of domestic ani- 
mals and especially those that feed on the open pastures during 
the summer season. Hence it is that fully one-half of the entire 
surface of England is in grass; and as a supplement for the proper 
maintenance of so many animals during the winter, another 



96 

twelfth is cultivated in roots and f rage plants,* Comparatively 
little hay and straw or roots are fed (except what of the latter are 
pastured off by sheep) without being previously cut and frequent- 
ly cooked, Hence, too, comes the demand lor this class of im- 
plements, as a prime necessity with the breeder, the feeder and 
the dairy man. The same economical practice obtains on the con- 
tinent also, but not, I imagine, to the same extent as in Great 
Britain. This great interest is fully responded to by inventors 
and the great manufacturing establishments. 

Most of the general arrangement and valuable parts of these 
machines are similar to tho,<e in use in this country, at least there 
is a strong family resemblance among the straw and root-cutters, 
inherited doubtless from inventions in use forty years ago. 

The most popular straw-cutters of English and French manu- 
facture are constructed with the knives on the arms of a fly-wheel 
which is turned cross-wise at the front of the feed-box. The cut 
material is thusprojected against the revolving wheel, and in the 
case of hand machines, the constant shower of hay or straw and 
dust to which the operator is subjected amounts to a positive an- 
noyance. The arrangement of the parts by which, as in some of 
our best models, the operator turns the wheel, standing mean- 
while by the side of the box and behind the cutting apparatus, 
whether that be knives with a perpendicular motion or on rollers, 
seems to me better, because while it avoids the annoyance referred 
to, it at the same time, enables the operator to have an eye to the 
regularity of the feeding and to aid it when necessary. 

The highest premium on Koot-Cutters — a Silver Medal — was 
awarded to E. II. Bentall of Hey bridge works, England; and on 
Straw-Cutters to the firm of Yalck — Verey, Saint Die, France — 
worthy, efficient machines, of which I would be glad to present a 
drawing to render a description of them intelligible. 

Of Feed-Mills, I saw none superior, either for rapidity of work, 
or quality, or for any essential feature, to some of those exhibit- 
ed at our State Fair in 1868. None of the mills on exhibition at 

*In I860 England had, of its whole surface: 

In Cereals 33.2 per cent. 

In Roots and forage plants 12.4 " 

Hops and divers 0.3 " 

Faliow 3.4 " 

Meadows 10 .3 " 

Permanent pastures 40.4 " 

100 



97 

Billancourt were tried with Indian Corn and were probably 
not adapted to grinding it, so that in this country where the 
maize forms the usual basis of all animal food, the essential re- 
quisite of a good practical feed-mill was wanting. A machine 
of this character, like one of those now introduced here, which 
could have readily shelled and at the same time ground 15 to 20 
bushels of Indian Corn per hour, propelled by two horses, would 
have produced a decided sensation, and especially when it was 
ascertained that the same machine could grind oats, barley or 
wheat, quite as well, and that after passing through it 1,500 or 
2,000 bushels, the grinding plates could be renewed at a cost of 
forty cents. 

Of minor agricultural implements, forks, hand-rakes, spades, 
etc., the American manufacturers are certainly without rivals in 
any respect. The show of the Partridge Fork Works of Leo- 
minster, Mass., to whose case the Jury awarded a Silver Medal, 
c ould not have been equaled by selections from every other similar 
exhibit, either for excellence of material, fine finish, beauty of 
form or serviceable strength ; and the specimens were only fair 
samples of their ordinary manufacture, with possibly a little extra 
polish. 

I have thus referred briefly to the several kinds of implements 
of farm husbandry, which most attracted my notice. It is clearly 
apparent on looking over a lot of them made in Europe and de- 
signed for European use, that those who are expected to handle 
them either have not the taste to appreciate good tools of hand- 
some form and appearance, or lack the ability to pay for the grati- 
fication of such taste, or that the manufacturers themselves are in 
fault. 

There is evidently a mania in France for low priced wares, all 
very well in itself, but having a tendency, it is feared, to encourage 
inferior manufacture. It has long been well understood in this 
country, that the best tool is on the whole the cheapest/ and even 
in the days of slavery, more than one master found his interests 
well served by substituting the finest and most costly hoes and 
other implements from the best makers, for the rough productions 
of his negro blacksmith. Aside from direct pecuniary results, 
which are always satisfactory, there is a moral effect, a pride of 
occupation, produced on the mind of the laborer, however un- 
taught and rude he may be, by the substitution of a neat, easily 



98 

handled, good looking tool, whether it be a manure fork or a 
reaping machine, for a clumsy, ill-looking affair, which soon makes 
itself apparent. England has heretofore been in the advance in 
this matter, but opinion in France is now feeling the force of the 
example set by some of the most enlightened and thorough agri- 
culturists of the Empire who prize perfection more highly than 
cheapness. Gradually this appreciation will find its way among 
the small farmers, until rural employment there will cease, as it 
has ceased here, to be exhaustive labor, and the time thus saved 
will be applied either to refreshing social pleasures or mental im- 
provement, or both. 

Again, the popular effort among inventors of the United States 
is not only to lessen the number of hands required to perform a 
given operation, but to limit within the narrowest bounds, exac- 
tions upon the muscular power of the hands employed. Hence, 
in the construction of farm implements designed to be drawn by 
animals, the driver's seat, except in the case of single plows, and 
even in them sometimes, is generally provided. Nor is the qual- 
ity of the work performed affected otherwise than favorably by 
these attentions to the comfort of the operator, while the aggre- 
gate achievement of farm labor relatively to its cost is thus greatly 
magnified. 

No such considerations seem to have prevailed to modify the 
construction of implements abroad. Even the reapers and mow- 
ers of England, strange as it may seem, are as a rule, operated 
by at least two hands each, one of whom leads the horses, the 
other following on foot to attend the machine and be ready for 
any emergency — thus accomplishing less work, doing what is 
done no better and at much greater expenditure of human power, 
than under the American system. 

In the multiplicity of humanitarian efforts in Europe, this field 
is not yet touched, and there is certainly great promise of bounti- 
ful harvests when the energy and capital of those interested shall 
be turned in this direction for the promotion of the physical and 
moral well being of their farm laborers. It will pay — pay the 
laborer, pay his employer, pay the implement manufacturer, and 
pay the country; and I trust another World's Fair will show that 
this ameliorating radicalism has been wisely adopted and fostered, 
even among less democratic communities than that in which it 
originated. 



99 

Tt is not necessary to speak of the Pumps, Mills, and various 
engines exhibited having relation to the distribution and pre- 
paration of fertilizers, because there was little of exceptional 
merit or superiority to those in use here; I therefore return to the 
Sixth Group in the Palace, leaving the specimens of Agricultural 
establishments and live stock for notice hereafter. 

A highly educated gentleman, familiar with the history and 
present status of mechanical invention among the different nations 
of the world, and withal a European, after spending some weeks in 
looking over the multitude of contributions in this group, remarked 
to me while taking a survey of the United States' section, substan- 
tially as follows : "American inventions differ from all others in 
that they seem to have no parentage. Every European invention 
is clearly the child of its father, to whom it may be easily traced, 
but not so with yours; your inventors have struck out in new di- 
rections from new points of departure, and they have been amply 
rewarded." Of the truth of the remark the evidence was all 
about us. The flight which Telegraphy took in the hands of 
Morse and Field stamped it with downright originality ; the ge- 
nius of Fulton developed an application of steam powder, which 
gave it all the attributes of a new elemental force.* To-day the 
harvest is not gathered anywhere by machinery not in its most 
essential parts of American invention, while the cotton-gin, the 
sewing and knitting machines, weapons of war and hosts of other 
implements and engines, born of the great needs of a common 
humanity and higher civilization, bear testimony to the daring 
fertility of American genius. 

Among the American machines of recent invention was one, 
which, by the important role it is likely to play in iron manu- 
facture and in the construction of buildings in the United States, 
as well as by its accuracy of mechanism, early excited my admi- 

*Notwithstanding the inferential claim on the British window, heretofore quo ed, to the inven- 
tion of the application of steam to navigation, Baron Dupin, the chairman and reporter of the 
Jury on Class 8, of the International Exhibition of 1851, at London, holds this language in his 
report on Miiv^l Architecture, etc.: "Many persons, in various countries, claim the honor of 
having first invented small boats propelled by steam. But it is to the undaunted perseverance 
and exertions of the Ameiican, Fulton, that is due the everlasting honor of having produced this 
revolution, both in naval archil ecture and in navigation. When the general peace took place in 
1814. there was not a single steamship in the ports of England; Scotland, however, had one 
small vessel of this kind. For several subsequent years, ^team-boats of small size, and with very 
in ignificant engines, were employed in rivers or along the coasts, but the idea of going far out 
to sea with them was very presumptuous. * * ** * *»* 

"In 1818, however, an American captain traversed the Atlantic in a steamship, the Savannah, 
touching first at England and then proceeding up the Baltic to St. Petersburgh.' 1 



100 

ration. I refer to the " "Wickersham Kail Machine," invented by 
Wm. Wickersham of Boston, and first used, I believe, in 1864. 

Until 1807, cut nails were made by clipping them, one at a 
time, from a bar of a width equal to the intended length of the 
nail ; after which each piece so cut was put into a vise and the 
head formed by a stroke of the hammer. About the time named 
(1807) a machine invented by Jesse Keed of Massachusetts, cut 
the nails and headed them in one operation, one at a time ; the 
bar being held, pushed forward and turned over at each cut, by 
hand. Except that, I believe, the bar is fed to the cutters by ma- 
chinery in some instances, there has been little improvement in 
the process of cutting nails, until the appearance of "Wickersham's 
machine. In this last a sheet of metal 20 to 25 inches square is 
placed and a series of nails cut from its edge at one stroke of the 
knives. By the use of bed and moving cutters, and a device for 
shifting the plate laterally, the nails are cut, alternately reversed 
as to heads and points. The nails are tapered their whole length 
and the points beveled. The machine is adjustable to cut shoe 
nails of the smallest size or ship spikes weighing f lb each, and 
any size between these ; using from 3600 ft>s per day, up to 25,000 
lbs, according to the size of nail cut. They are termed "finishing 
nails," but there is no reason apparent why they may not be 
safely used as board nails, and greatly cheapen the cost of the 
3,000,000 kegs of nails, the 250 tons of shoe-nails, and the 1500 
tons of ship-spikes, annually made in the United States. Few, 
if any cut nails are yet used in Europe — why, I cannot under- 
stand. Indeed, there was said to be neither a cut-nail, a claw- 
hammer, nor a common hand-saw in Paris, except what had been 
brought there from abroad, for purposes connected with the Ex- 
position. The samples of nails and tacks on the shelves of the 
Society, are from the exhibition by Bavaria, and constitute a full 
series, resembling in general those in use elsewhere on the con- 
tinent. 

The percentage of awards, in the six f h group, to Americans is a 
flattering and valuable testimonial, and especially so when account 
is taken of the fact, already alluded to, that so many of the ob- 
jects were of recent invention, and hence appeared at this great 
international concourse without the endorsement of acknowledged 
popularity at home. 



101 

The German States, France and Great Britain each presented 
rich offerings. The immense establishments of the two latter, 
particularly, were out in full force, and contested every inch of 
ground with each other by the most magnificent displays. If 
any reader would comprehend the scope of these displays, I com- 
mend to him the perusal of the enumeration of the principal items 
as they appear in the classification on preceding pages 29 to 32 of 
this report. 

It was in this group that occurred the by-play of a contest with 
burglar-proof safes, after considerable diplomatic correspondence 
between Mr. Herring, of New York city, and a celebrated English 
manufacturer, the result being that the workmen selected by Mr. 
H. "went through" the British safe first, and Mr. H. had the 
pleasure of presenting the wager (30,000 francs) to charities se- 
lected by him in Paris, London and Washington. Soon after the 
opening of the Exposition, Mr. H. had placarded one of his safes, 
a very unpretending affair, with a challenge to the world for trial 
by either fire or burglars' tools, and this was the only acceptance. 

The limit prescribed will not permit a more extended reference 
to the contributions in this important group, and I pass on to the 
SE YENTH GKOUP, embracing in its numerous classes Food in all 
stages of preparation. 

"Whatever else a people may or may not do, they must eat and 
drink. Of clothing they may wear much or none ; of the arts 
they may practice many or none ; of knowledge they may have 
much or little; but simple existence demands the daily nourish- 
ment of the physical man, and the first human impulse is to 
supply it. Hence, all climes, all nations and all tastes, but the 
cannibal's, were represented, and especially all nationally char- 
acteristic dishes and drinks found a place in this group. If there 
be any organized animal substance, any creeping, crawling, 
walking, swimming or flying thing which somebody does not eat 
under the idea that it is food, I failed to make a note of it or my 
knowledge of the natural history of the animal kingdom was too 
limited to enable me to detect its absence. More than that : if 
there is any particular member of that kingdom more disgusting 
than another to most tastes, and not absolutely poisonous, 
some tastes seem to have made of it a sort of divinity, and in- 
stalled it as their chief festive dish. But u de gustibus non 



102 

est disputandum " ; the Chinaman has as good a right to his rat 
pies as the Yankee to his pumpkin. 

By far the most important class of objects in this group was 
that which comprehended the cereals and their mill-products, of 
which the exhibition was complete. 

The contribution from the United States* of which the collection 
from this State formed a very considerable part, was far from 
adequate to convey any just idea of the cereal productive wealth 
of the country ; nor was there the careful, systematic arrangement 
of it as a whole, which characterized the exhibits of many other 
nations. The samples forwarded by the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture seemed to be in charge of no one, and many 
of them remained in baskets, under the tables, on the 1st of Au- 
gust. Those from Wisconsin, Iowa and this State were placed as 
favorably as circumstances permitted. 

After all, our exhibition in this group, rightly viewed, was in 
general accord with the unsystematic, unbusinesslike, farming 
characteristic of a large mass of American agriculturists. It 
served to demonstrate somewhat the lavish bounty of nature 
under methods of culture not always pains-taking nor intelligent. 
It most decidedly commended itself as the faithful exemplar of a 
mixed husbandry, the diversity of which has its origin not so much 
in judicious effort to render available limited resources, as is a 
confusion of ideas and indistinctness of aim consequent on the 
possession of an over-supply of means. The housekeeper, with 
few rooms and many servants, has not the same excuse for untidi- 
ness as though there were a large house and few servants. 

A comparison of wheats grown here with those of Prussia, Aus- 
tria, or any of the German States, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, 
Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, Australia and some others, 
develops at once the fact that the varieties with us have not been 
kept pure — that they have been crossed, time and again, by culti- 
vation, until, with the exception of those recently imported and 
which have fallen into careful hands, there is much diversity of 
appearance and possibly of flouring qualities among individual 
grains of what we esteem a single variety. The samples before 
you sufficiently show this fact. How considerable, if any, is the 
real deterioration occasioned by this mingling of breeds of wheat 
must be determined by experiment. The serious feature of the 
matter is that it bespeaks a carelessness or unskillfulness of culture 



103 

which gives little promise of originating new varieties of perma- 
nent value or of improving old ones. 

A comparison of the product of wheat culture per acre with the 
countries named is far from flattering to us, as the yield in Great 
Britain is about twenty -seven bushels, in France a trifle more 
and in the others not less. In all, however, except Australia, it 
is not unlikely the cost of production in labor and money (for 
manures chiefly) is greater than in Illinois ; and this, without 
taking into account the interest on the cost of the land or the 
rent — far less here than there. 

This difference in quantity of product in favor of the European 
farmer, is secured in good part by the more thorough preparation 
of the soil; by the application of special manures ; by drainage 
where required ; by careful selection of the best seed ; by -depositing 
it uniformly, at proper depth and at proper distance apart ; by the 
entire extirpation of weeds, and by the most laborious economy in 
harvesting. 

In gathering a crop of wheat, rye, oats or barley in France, the 
implement used to cut it is a common cradle ; but the laborer cuts 
around the piece in a direction opposite to that taken by an 
American cradler. The grain, therefore, is thrown in against the 
standing grain, whence it is taken, adjusted into bundles and 
bound — usually by women. A sufficient number of women and 
girls follow to glean, and so thoroughly is the work done that on 
the imperial farm, at La Motte-Beuvron, I had great difficulty to 
pick up half a dozen heads of winter oats on a field from which 
the crop had been just taken. What may happen to be shelled 
out or overlooked by the gleaners is gathered by verv obedient 
flocks of poultry or pigs, herded by old persons or children. The 
straw is sometimes purposely cut high in the harvesting, and after- 
wards mowed again and gathered for litter. Thus, absolutely, 
nothing is wasted in the harvest-field ; but the tracks of the wooden 
shoes are almost as numerous as the stems of the grain; and if paid 
for at the wages of the harvest-field in Illinois, the proceeds of the 
crop, at Chicago prices, would probably be insufficient to square 
the account. 

Samples in the State collection, contributed by gentlemen of 
St. Clair county, were admired, and exchanged readily. 

The Jury pronounced the flour contributed by Mr. A. Zeitinger, 



104 

of Monroe county, Illinois, as a very decidedly good article, and 
excelled by few in the Exposition. 

The United States exhibition of Indian Corn had no rival, nor 
anything approaching it, for quality or quantity. Some varieties 
of this important grain mature as far north as .Danzig, in West 
Prussia, where it is estimated at its true value compared with 
other grains. In a descriptive statement, relating to the exhibi- 
tion of cereals and legumes by the "West Prussian Farmers' Union 
Experimental Garden, it is said : " Indian Corn is of all kinds of 
corn (grain), that which gives the largest quantity of food for 
men and beasts ; therefore, is the breeding of varieties qualified 
for the northern climates of the greatest importance. Trials, con- 
tinued during five years, with more than thirty sorts of Indian 
Corn, have shown the forty-days'-maize and. the King-Philip- 
maize as the most answering ones to the climate of this country. 
The former has ripened here absolutely every year — early and 
completely. Some maces (ears) of the latter demanded, in several 
years, still an artificial drying. In 1865 was the harvest from one 
acre of the forty-days'-maize, 1,555 pounds of maces (ears), 
without integuments, (husks), 1,166 pounds of straw, (stalks) ; of 
the King-Philip-maize, 1,272 pounds of maces without integu- 
ments, 2,215 pounds of straw." 

The most interesting and perhaps the most instructive exhibi- 
tion of maize was by the Imperial Koyal Academy of Agriculture, 
of Altenburg, Hungary, embracing morphologic and anatomical 
pictures of the plant; forty microscopic objects; one hundred and 
six varieties in the ear; specimens showing the deformities of the 
ear and plant; collection of insects injurious to the ear and plant; 
tables showing chemical constitution of the grains and composition 
of the ashes of the grain ; products of the maize for the nourish- 
ment of animals and composition of a crop of green maize ; divers 
products of the grains and stalks ; tables relating to its culture and 
use ; cuts of implements of culture and of a frame for drying 
the ears. In the expectation of obtaining a large photographic 
copy of this entire exhibit, I did not transfer to my note-book but 
a list of the insects which attack the maize in Hungary, as 

follows : 

1. Stonobothrus variabilis, L. ; 2. Decticus verrucivorus, L. ; 
3. Acridium migratorium, L. ; 4. Tinea granella, D. ; 5. Tinea 
cerealleUy O. K. ; 6. Botis silaceatis, Tr. ; 7. Agrotis tritici, L. ; 



105 

8. Plusia gamma, L. ; 9. Agrotis segetum, F. L. b. ; 10. Sitophilus 
granarius, L. ; 11. Melolontha vulgaris, L. ; 12. Melonotus niger, 
Fabr. ; 13. Trogosita mauritanica. 

I am unable to account for it, but, with the exception of a few 
ears of Indian corn from Australia, I saw none so large nor seem- 
ingly so free from attack of insects as our own, and was careful 
not to include in my exchanges any, except two or three ears from 
Italy, and which have not been propagated from since they ar- 
rived here. I should deem it fraught with untold calamity if, by 
carelessness or design, the insects which depredate on the maize 
plant in Europe should make their way to the fertile fields and full 
granaries of this country. I did not observe a single ear grown 
outside of the United States, unless in Australia, which did not 
show marks on some of the grains of injury by insects. 

In regard to the cultivation of the plant or its uses, nothing of 
value, not well known here, was presented. 

The Maizena, or flour of corn, manufactured by the Glen Cove 
Starch Company, of New York, was most industriously exhibited 
by the agent for that company, during the entire Exposition ; and 
as a delicate pudding, garnished with strawberry sauce (a con- 
stant dish in the American restaurant near by), received encomi- 
ums enough from Europeans to assure its popularity on their mar- 
kets in the future. 

Our samples of corn were sought for by all with whom 
exchanges of seeds and grains were made, and by visitors, daily, 
from all parts of the world. 

A sample of Surprise Oats, grown by Mr. Yan Olinda, of 
DeKalb county, Illinois, and belonging to our State collection, 
was fully the equal of any other exhibited ; those from Norway 
most nearly resembled it, but were not superior in any manner, 
nor could I learn that crops of oats gathered elsewhere ever 
reached the figure claimed by Mr. Yan Olinda — one hundred and 
thirty-three bushels per acre. 

Among the many objects worthy special study in this group I 
can notice only few, and those far too briefly. 

The DAIRY PRODUCTS of the old world play a very import- 
ant role in the nourishment of the population ; and the cow, the 
sheep, the goat and even the ass are placed under contribution for 

their manufacture. Out of the magnitude of this interest, the 
14 



106 

variance of conditions and necessities existing in different locali- 
ties, have grown up a multitude of tastes, prejudices and notions, 
so that, for example, the richest and best American or English 
cheese, made from the milk of the finest cows fed on the choicest 
grasses, and having a fiavor the most delicious to the unperverted 
taste, is thrown aside by thousands of epicures for a cheese made 
from goat's milk, with a pungent scent utterly repelled by the 
natural nose, and strong enough to give early notice of its pres- 
ence to one approaching ; or for another made from ewe's milk, 
into the curd of which was purposely introduced moulded bread 
and the sporules of a cryptogamic plant — the peniceUum glaucum — 
the cheese when formed being placed in cool, moist caves, with 
atmospheric conditions best suited to the rapid growth of this 
fungus, and not reaching its most desirable flavor and richness 
until a blue mould has permeated and discolored the entire mass. 
This last variety is made at Roquefort, Department of Aveyron, 
France, and is extolled as the "King of Cheeses." It claims 
great antiquity (the manufacture, not the individual cheese ; 
although if claimed by the latter it would be admitted on sight 
without question), having been pursued as early as A. D. 1070 ; 
has steadily increased from an annual product, in A. D 1800, of 
500,000 pounds to, in 1866, 6,500,000 pounds, employing the milk 
of 250,000 ewes, and selling at the caves for about twelve cents 
per pound. The cheese is exported to all the chief cities of the 
world, including New York, where its admirers pay for it, usually, 
forty cents per pound. The estimated annual product derived 
from one ewe well cared for, whose milk is used for cheese-making, 
is : milk, 21 francs ; wool, 5J francs ; lamb, 4 francs ; total, 30£ 
francs ; not including the manure, which is of the best quality 
and of considerable value. 

I had occasion, as a member of the Jury, to examine in the 
Park a miniature dairy for the production of the Roquefort cheese, 
in which some of the sheep were kept and milked, the cheeses 
made and treated precisely in the imitation cellars as is customary 
at Roquefort. This establishment was exhibited by the " Society 
of United Caves," and received the award of a gold medal. 

The consumption of cheese in Europe is enormous compared 
with the United States. Paris consumes annually about 11,000,000 
of pounds, and all France not less than 200,000,000 pounds. 
The proprietor of the English restaurant in the Exposition, a gen- 



107 

tleman whose long experience at the head of the profession in 
Paris gives authority to his opinion, informed me that a consid- 
erable quantity of cheese was imported into England and France, 
from the United States, of a quality quite equal to the best 
English, and which, in many instances, could not be distinguished 
from it. 

I did nut see, or rather taste, a particle of Butter which was 
not palatable, though not always high-flavored, during my stay ; 
nor did I taste any which had been perceptibly salted by the 
maker. It was all thoroughly worked, and so pure as to retain its 
original soundness a long time in that climate. About two or 
three per cent, of sea salt is generally added in the course of the 
many workings and washings it is subjected to, but very little 
flavor of the salt is left. Melted butter ■, as it is called, is made by 
heating it either over an open fire or putting the vessel contain- 
ing it into another in which water is boiling, skimming it as the 
scum rises, allowing the remaining impurities to settle, and then 
drawing off the clarified butter into stone jars ; when cooled it 
becomes quite solid. The price varies from twenty-five to sev- 
enty-five cents per pound, and the city of Paris alone consumes, 
ordinarily, about $5,000,000 worth annually. I have eaten both 
butter and cheese made in northern Illinois fully equal, in point of 
flavor and richness, to any I tasted at the English, French, Ger- 
man or other restaurants at the Exposition or elsewhere. 

One of the chief products exhibited in this class was WINE. 
This subject is fully reported on by Messrs. Wilder, of Massa- 
chusetts ; Thompson, of New York, and Flagg, of Ohio, United 
States Commissioners. Their report has already been published, 
and the wine-makers of this country have received the benefit of 
their suggestions. Of late the most important developments re- 
lating to processes for the preservation of wine, have resulted, 
from investigations by M. Pasteur, undertaken by him in 1863, 
at the request of the Emperor, and concluded in 1865. Having 
nearly 5,000,000 acres in vineyards, producing annually about 
1,315,000,000 of gallons of wine, of an average* value of nearly 
$100,000,000, and exporting of wines and brandy distilled from 
the grape, a value of about $80,000,000 annually, it is not sur- 
prising that some alarm should have seized upon the Govern- 
ment of France when it was found there was serious danger of 



108 

losing their foreign market for wines by reason of changes even 
the best samples underwent when subjected to the elevation of 
temperature and unskillful handling, unavoidable in shipping them 
to foreign parts. To the discovery of the "diseases," asthey were 
called, and the remedy, M. Pasteur, of Paris, addressed himself 
and, as his report shows, with entire success. 

The alterations and deteriorations were found, by a series oi 
the most guarded experiments and careful microscopic observa- 
tions, to proceed from the presence of vegetable parasites, spon- 
taneously produced in the different varieties of the wine whenever 
the conditions favored ; no varieties, from the vin ordinaire to 
the very finest, were exempt. He says "it is necessary to consider 
wine as an organic infusion, of a particular composition. All in- 
fusions give an asylum to some organized microscopic beings. 
Wine acts in the same manner. Such is the origin of the spon- 
taneous alterations to which it is subject."* He repudiates the 
empirical " remedies " sometimes used, such as the addition of 
resinous pitch, as the Greeks and Komans made, or of sugar, or 
alcohol, or sulphurous acid gas, neither of which is efficacious, and 
all are otherwise objectional. In the course of his researches he, 
himself, experimented with substances inodorous and inexpen- 
sive, which, like sulphurous acid, possessed strongly de-ox- 
idizing properties, but was entirely unsuccessful until he fell upon 
the remedy he thus announces : " To destroy all vitality in the 
germs of the parasites of the wines it suffices to bring the wine 
for some instants to a . temperature of 50 to 60 degrees (centi- 
grade = 144 to 172 deg. Fahrenheit). I have observed, moreover, 
that by this preliminary operation the wine is never altered." 
The wine may be heated either in bottles or in the cask by im- 
mersion in a tank of water at the boiling point, or, in casks, by 
the insertion of a coil, through which steam is passed. Plans of 
cases for holding the bottles and for all the details in conducting 
the operation are given. There is, seemingly, neither difficulty 
nor considerable expense necessary to prepare wine in this man- 
ner, so that it will be proof against deterioration or change of any 
sort. 

I have thus briefly stated the points decided by M. P. so that 
those who care to do so can pursue the subject further. I believe 
the Longworth Wine Company and, perhaps, others have already 

• Etudes Sur le Vin— par M. Pasteur, Membre de Tlnstitut, Paris, 1866. 



109 

adopted the practice recommended of heating their wines, or have 
at least experimented, with a view to test its efficacy. 

For some reason the wines contributed to the State collection 
from Hancock county, probably as good as any of their class in 
this State or elsewhere, were found, on examination by the juries, 
to have undergone a change which seriously affected their value, 
and this, as well in those which were sealed with wax, as in those 
simply corked, though not quite to the same extent, perhaps, in 
the former. If I remember correctly no wines from the United 
States — and there was a large exhibition by the Longworth Wine 
Company and others — received a higher recognition than an "hon- 
orable mention ;" but my impression is the French taste es- 
pecially rejected them as table wines because of the presence of 
too much alcohol. While nearly everybody in Western Conti- 
nental Europe drinks wine every day, there is neither a public 
opinion which will tolerate, nor seemingly an individual taste that 
cultivates intoxication. 60,000,000 gallons is about the quantity 
annually consumed in Paris. In 1867 there were probably not 
less than 100,000,000 gallons drank there, the excess being during 
the Exposition ; yet, in five months, I did not see more than half 
a dozen persons intoxicated, and a fair proportion of that number 
were Americans. The explanation of this, to my mind, is the 
abundance and low price of light table wines. Common claret is 
sold from first hands at six to ten cents per gallon. 

There is, however, a class of wines manufactured for the Amer- 
ican market very extensively, which do not assume a very high 
rank at home. At Chalons -on-the-Marne I visited one cellar 
owned by Messrs. Jacquesson & Son, which is about 1,100 feet 
by 1,150 feet, cut into a chalk bluff, has some 2,000 feet of rail- 
way, with turn-tables, enabling an ordinary locomotive to pass in 
and out with cars attached, and, when I was there, contained 
5,000,000 bottles of champagne wine, destined for consumption in 
this country. After bottling, the wine remains in the cellar about 
three years, during which time there is a loss from bursting of 
five^to fifteen cent, although the temperature is maintained .at ten 
degrees centigrade (fifty degrees Fahrenheit) the year round, with 
scarcely perceptible variation. 

In the examination by the Jury of apparatus for the manufac- 
ture of wine, the most notable improvement of recent date was the 
use, in the fermentation, of a tub divided into six stories, by open 



110 

frame partitions placed horizontally, at equal distances from the 
bottom, from the top and from each other, the under side of each 
dividing frame being covered with coarse linen, permitting the 
free circulation of the liquid and ga*ses, but confining the solid 
parts of the grapes, which are equally divided in layers between 
the five lower spaces, nothing but the liquid being in the upper. 
It is stated that the solid portions, during fermentation in an 
ordinary tub, remain at the top; that in consequence of this the 
temperature at the top is about fifteen degrees (centigrade) higher 
than at the bottom ; that, therefore, the fermentation is more active 
and rapid above than below, and is thus prolonged to the injury 
of the wine product because of the absorption of alcohol by the 
solid portions ; that the distribution of the crushed fruit through- 
out the entire mass by means of the stories in the tub, renders fer- 
mentation mGre active, therefore completing it in shorter time, and 
hence preventing the undue absorption of the alcohol by the solid 
parts ; imparts a better color to the wine by preserving a uniform 
temperature and agitation during the period of fermentation, 
which continues not more than four and a half days, when the 
surrounding temperature is not below fifteen degrees (centigrade). 
The inventor is M. Michel Ferret, of Tullins, President of the 
Agricultural Society of St. Marcellin, Department of Isere, 
France, to whom the Jury awarded a silver medal and object of 
art. 

Of MALT LIQUOKS there was an exhibition corresponding 
to the magnitude of the brewery interest and the well known 
fondness of Europeans for such beverages. In 1865 Great Britain 
and Ireland consumed, per head of the whole population, about 
twenty-three gallons ; that is, a population in England, Wales, 
Scotland and Ireland of 29,070,000 (census of 1861) retained for 
home consumption, in 1865, 684,000,000 gallons of beer, besides 
27,737,000 gallons of spirits and 11,994,000 gallons of wine— the 
last imported chiefly. 

I have not the statistics of beer consumption in the German 
States. It is an accredited statement, however, that in the city of 
Munich more beer is drank daily than the quantity of water used 
by the inhabitants per day, for all purposes except in the manu- 
facture of beer. The Yienna beer enjoys a reputation beyond any 
other ; and the Austrian restaurant in the Park, supplied every 



Ill 

day direct from a Vienna brewery, was a popular resort, during 
the Exposition, for all visitors who feared to drink water away 
from home ; when drank while tasting the most delicious 
bread in the world, baked in the adjoining Austrian bakery, it 
seemed to be entirely acceptable. Malt liquors are gradually ex- 
tending their dominion even in some of the best wine districts of 
France, and stoutly contending in the popular market for the 
mastery with wine and cider. 

I could not learn why it is that better beer is manufactured at 
Vienna than elsewhere ; but there is no secret made of the pro- 
cesses employed. 

Of drinks in general it was notable, on a comparison of the 
American restaurant in the United States' section with those of 
other nations, that, for variety of component parts, of flavors, of 
modes of serving and style, and, especially, for effectiveness at 
long range, the American beverages occupied the very front rank. 
Many an appreciating Frenchman, a phlegmatic German, a sensi- 
tive Italian, or an uu impressible Ifriton here took his first lesson 
in mixed liquors, and drew through a straw his first impressions 
of a mysterious art wholly unpracticed in old Europe, except in 
the mild form of the Englishman's " 'alf and 'alf." The American 
Soda-fountain gave the first taste of ice-cream-soda to thirsting 
thousands, and established a popularity quite equal to that enjoyed 
at home. 

EIGHTH GKOUP. — Animals and specimens of agricultural 
establishments. 

Reversing the order I merely remark in regard to agricultural 
establishments that, while there were models of complete dairies 
and other structures suited to special branches of rural industry in 
Europe, I observed none, either in general arrangement or special 
device, superior to those of the better class in this country, while 
every one of them was constructed on a plan forbidding their gen- 
eral adoption here, i. e., the family of the laborer or person in 
charge occupied an apartment in close proximity to the domestic 
animals and under the same roof. If there be an American preju- 
dice in rural economy wholly insurmountable, it is that which 
separates' entirely the family dwelling from the farmer's barns, 
stables and pens. It is impossible to divest the American mind 
of the idea that only a low grade of civilization will tolerate a 



112 

proximity of the human and brute creation so close and so con- 
stant as rural life in Europe almost everywhere exacts, if not from 
the "proprietors" at least from the families in their employ. 

There is one invariable feature, however, which should be imi- 
tated here — the provision for saving in cisterns all liquid manure 
and of composting the solid portions with any other refuse fertil- 
izing material the farm may afford. For application on partially 
or wholly exhausted lands, pound for pound barn-yard manure is 
worth double the value of any other substance, and the farmer 
who, anywhere but in this virgin country, would feed his stock on 
"dry points," from which the rains carry all the droppings to a 
stream near by, would very soon cease to have anything to feed. 

If those who are so improvident could but witness the almost 
painful anxiety of the farmers of the old world to husband every 
particle of every substance that may perchance add another grain 
to their harvest, and observe, too, their elaborate and ingenious 
devices to guard against any waste of the precious material, I am 
sure it would have a reformatory effect on their practice. 

If only the cities and villages of Europe should cease to return 
to the fields and gardens of the country their manurial products 
for one or two years at most, the result would certainly be wide- 
spread famine, and so closely are these utilized that, but for the 
noxious and valueless refuse of factories along its banks, the waters 
of the Seine, after flowing for six miles through the midst of a 
population of 2,000,000, would pass on to the ocean, for all that, 
almost as pure as a mountain brook. Processes by which the 
most offensive matter is instantaneously, deodorized enable large es- 
tablishments in the heart of the city to receive and transform into 
inodorous packages, for commerce, what would otherwise have to 
be saved in a more obtrusive manner. 

All good farm steadings I saw in France are square or rectang- 
ular, of dimensions suited to the wants of the farm ; the dwell- 
ing, stables and structures for stock of all kinds forming a con- 
tinuous line and facing inward. In the middle is a square, un- 
covered lot of corresponding size, surrounded by a stone or brick 
wall; the bottom of the lot paved usually, or cemented with 
water lime or otherwise rendered impervious to water, and sloping 
regularly from all sides to a cistern in the centre, in which is 
placed a pump. The manure from the stables, pens, poultry- 
house, etc., is daily deposited in this lot, the liquid manure some- 



113 

times being drained in pipes into this cistern, and sometimes col- 
lected in others in the stables. Kegularly the deposits in the lot 
are wet down from the central cistern by means of the pump 
with hose attached, and gradually prepared for carting to the fields. 
The liquid manure is carted out in casks furnished with sprink- 
ling apparatus, and is usually applied to the meadows or crops of 
growing vegetables. 

The AMEKICAN COTTAGE, forming part of the Illinois 
State collection, as before stated, was one of the Agricultural 
Establishments on Champ de Mars. The Jury reported in regard 
to it as follows : 

"It does not enter into our plan to speak of those houses which are exclusively 
within the domain of speculation, but we cannot consider the building exhibited 
by the United States as belonging to that class, inasmuch as constructions of this 
kind may be the iSasis of extensive operations and are destined particularly to 
assist in colonizing those parts of NorthAmerica still uncultivated and uninhabited 
on account of this, therefore they have a tendency eminently useful and philan- 
thropic. 

The model placed in the park of the Champ, de Mars, was built at Chicago, by 
Lyman Bridges, and sent to Europe in the same condition as is customary for these 
houses to be sent by b.aiders to the farmers and others who order them. By the 
provisions of the homestead law of the United States, the new settler receives a 
grant of 16(» acres of land, the fertility of which is such, that with moderate labor, 
he can raise almost immediately, the most remunerative products, which will enable 
him soon to pay for a house. 

With this state of things the farmer and new settler finds little difficulty in 
securing from the principal cities of the West and particularly in Chicago, a house 
similar to the specimen exhibited, upon easy terms. Very limited resources are 
sufficient, under these circumstances, for undertaking the cultivation of a farm, and 
thanks to the house which can be procured so promptly, the settler escapes the pri- 
vations to which he otherwise would be exposed, at least at the commencement of 
his undertaking. 

The price of a house of this kind can be raised from $500 (2.500 francs,) to 
$1,500 (7,500 francs). That exhibited at the Champ de Mars, is at the latter price, 
and is sufficiently commodious and comfortable >;nd of very pleasing design. 

It is composed of three sections on the ground floor, which form a kitchen, a 
dining room and a parlor; there are also three bed rooms in the second story. 

The out houses are entirely independent, and are generally placed at some dis- 
tance from the dwelling. 

The house is made entirely of pine lumber, which can be obtained at a low price 
in that country; and all the parts, su°'h as the rafters and carpentry work, are of 
the most simple construction, so as to allow it to be rapidly made in the work-shop 
and easily placed upon the site determined upon. 

By this arrangement the house in the Champ de Mars was built, delivered to the 
railroad company, carried to New York, near 1,000 miles, and shipped upon the 

15 



114 

steamer for transportation to Europe, in 12 days from the day the order was given 
for its construction. 

The number of dwellings similar to this in Chicago and the other portions of 
Illinois and the neighboring States, is becoming very numerous, and although the 
object for which this work has been undertaken has been to supply a need alto- 
gether local, yet the results have become important and none the less interesting. 

The most striking fact is that the great increase of the population in these new 
localities has created a large and growing demand for this and similar buildings, 
which in itself indicates the value of a development of such an industry, and illus- 
trates also the great facility with which comfortable homes are secured upon the 
fertile and inviting lands of the new States of North America." 

The Farmer's Home was installed in the Park of the Exposi- 
tion, among the spacious and elegant palaces of the sovereigns of 
Europe, near and adjacent to the free common school house; 
constituting the American Quarter in the Park, and the centre of 
attraction for the curious and interested from all portions of the 
world. 

The books, maps, newspapers, and all other printed matter be- 
longing to the State Collection, were there deposited under the 
guardianship of a young American of Italian nativity, who had 
served .the country during the late war, and whose knowledge of 
modern languages and general intelligence, well fitted him for 
the position. 

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.— The recent prevalence of the rin- 
derpest, operated to limit the exhibition of Cattle almost entirely 
to France. Neither were there many specimens of horses or 
other stock exhibited by other than the French people. Nev- 
ertheless, there were exhibited some of almost every race of do- 
mestic animals, and either at the exhibition at Billancourt, or in 
the country, I had an opportunity to see them all, and shall speak 
of them in general terms without unnecessary detail. 

And first, Horses. The only French breed possessing pecu. 
liar merit is the Percheron, of which the General Omnibus Com- 
pany of Paris use 9,750, most if not all stallions, I believe.* 

*From January 1 to June 30, 1867, this Company did business as follows: 

Omnibuses per day 750 

Horses 9,750 

Trips 1,120 

Velocity per hour 12 Kilometers. 

Distance traveled by each horse per day 15.50 " 

Passengers per carriage and per day 436 

Total number of passengers in six months 59,310,000 

Total receipts for fare 11, 307,000 francs. 

Iu ordinary years, the number of passengers carried in twelve months is about 80,000,000. I 
am indebted for the above figures to M. Mille, chief engineer of highways and bridges, Paris. 



115 

The work performed by these horses will be realized when it 
is remembered that ordinarily two of them are hitched to a two- 
story 'bus with 26 places for passengers, 14 inside and 12 on top, 
and that including the driver and conductor, they take 28 persons 
up hill and down, over the hard pavements of^the city, at a steady 
trot. They are almost uniformly gray ; of an average weight of 
1150 to 1200 pounds ; generally about 15 hands 3 inches or 16 
hands high: plainly formed, without pretension to special beauty 
or graceful action ; clean, flat, bony and sinewy limbs ; eye not 
usually very full; patient, but spirited enough for ordinary work; 
hardy and long-lived; altogether, except in color, they come up 
to the standard of a first-rate horse-of all-work. They show a 
strong resemblance, in some respects, to the Norman horses 
brought to this country from France, and are doubtless related to 
them ; but rarely have as much length of hair on the fetlocks and 
are usually more active. I have seen descendants from the old 
Gorman horse, "Napoleon," at our Fair, which would probably 
pass for the true Percheron in Ferche. 

Of horses, distinctly trotters, the only European family is the 
Oi*loff, of Russian origin. The celebrated stallion, " Bedouin," 
from Moscow, a competent American trainer told me, was nearly 
or quite the equal of Dexter. Several others of the same family 
were present, and attracted much attention. This breed is made 
up of fortunate crosses of the English, Arabian and other 
stocks. The stallion referred to is black, but there is no distin- 
guishing color to the family. 

Of all the other varieties of horses which have any more than 
a local celebrity, except perhaps the Scotch Clydesdale and the 
Cleveland Bays, there are plenty of specimens in the United 
States, from the English thorough-bred and Liverpool draft-horse, 
through all the intermediate grades, to the monkey's favorite 
Shetland pony. 

Hoened Cattle. — The stability, the almost immobility of Euro- 
pean communities, their limited intercourse, social and commer- 
cial, prior to the railroad era, had for result the development of a 
race of cattle suited to the conditions of agriculture and necessities 
of the population in districts of country often quite limited in extent. 
Naturally, the inhabitants, taking whatever sort of stock they 
might originally possess, would select and retain for propagation, 
such individual animals as best suited their special needs, begin- 



116 

ning at an early clay to breed in-and-in, until within a few years 
they must have had in each restricted locality a race of animals 
homogeneous in appearance and of qualities uniform and firmly 
fixed. Continuing this for many generations, each race must have 
assumed all the characteristics of a distinct breed as we find them 
to-day. Hence in "Western Europe, alone, are found the Dur- 
ham, Hereford, Devon, Alderney, Jersey, Ayrshire, Argyleshire, 
"Welsh, Irish, Brittany, Morvan, Charolaise, Jurassian, Limousian, 
G-arronnaise, Hollandaise, Normande, Vendean, Aubrac, Gascon, 
Flemish, Picard, Marche, Auvergnat, Lourdaise, Parthenaise, 
Tarentaise, Bazadaise, Comtoise, Swiss, Holstein, Jutland, Ton- 
dern, Marsch, Wilster, Angeln and others. Specimens of nearly 
all these were exhibited by French proprietors, as pure breeds. 
After looking at them with some care, and obtaining whatever 
reliable information I could in regard to such as we do not know 
all about here, I feel some confidence in expressing the opinion 
that, taking everything into account, the Durham has no equal 
for beef, the Devon for work, or the Ayrshire for quantity of 
milk; that for quality of milk, the Alderney, Jersey and Brittany 
are of about equal merit. I am aware the Hereford contends in 
some localities with the Durham for beef and with the Devon for 
work, but I think maintains a very unequal contest. The popular 
verdict has settled the question in England, where reputable 
breeders of the Durham rarely fail to sell every surplus animal 
for breeding purposes, while a large per, cent, of the Herefords 
go direct to the shambles; and this, too, in the face of the fact 
that the number of Durhams reared, largely exceeds the number 
of Herefords. The Normande race, in the hands of Comte de 
Kergolay of Canisy, France, is claimed to combine in a remark- 
able degree excellent milking qualities with superior aptitude to 
take on flesh ; and in view of his successful efforts in this direc- 
tion, the Jury awarded to the exhibitor a Gold Medal. 

At the Imperial Model Farm of Vincennes, where 100 cows 
are kept for milking and the sale of the product in Paris, the 
varieties are Ayrshire, Brittany, Swiss, Normande and Flemish, 
which, as Mr. Tisserand informed me, taking into account the 
food consumed, rank for quantity of milk in the order I have 
named them. 

One Gold Medal and nine of Silver were awarded by the Jury 
to gentlemen in Belgium, Switzerland, Prussia, Bavaria, Grand 



117 

Duchy of Baden, Wurtemburg, Hesse and Grand Duchy of Lux- 
emburg, for measures taken by them to prevent the spread of 
the "contagious typhus" (rinderpest) among horned cattle, in 
their respective localities; the measures consisting chiefly of regu- 
lations to prevent the introduction of stock from the infected dis- 
tricts. 

Sheep. — In speaking of "Wool on preceding pages, I mentioned 
what was supposed to be of practical importance to us of the West 
so far as the production of the fleece is concerned and the ameli- 
oration of our common breeds of sheep to that end. 

For mutton of fine qualit} 7 , the English Southdown heads the 
list wherever known ; although I saw and tasted at LaMotte- 
Beauvron, a formidable rival in a cross of that breed with the native 
breed of Sologne. The latter is a small, game-looking animal, 
with dusky colored, bare legs and face, short, coarse wool, easily 
kept on the shortest herbage, very hardy, and with flesh of most 
delicious flavor. The cross retains much of the game appearance 
of the one, while partaking of the greater size and squarer form 
of the other. 

For mutton and valuable wool, the Leicester (improved) of Eng- 
land, takes the first rank, though, like the pure Southdown, must 
have abundant food and proper care. Among the Merino family 
the divisions made in awarding prizes were : Rainbouillet, wrinkled, 
not wrinkled, mixed, Negretti and silky -Mauchanvp. 

If there be a race of domestic animals indispensable to agricul- 
ture on old and partially exhausted lands, it is sheep. In all 
judicious efforts to reclaim worn-out soils, some varieties of this 
race, for their ability to thrive where cattle or hogs would starve, 
and for the comparatively rich returns they make for the food 
and care bestowed upon them, are regarded as of the very first 
importance. 

Hou-s. — For everything desirable in this "best of all assimila- 
tors," the English breeds are confessedly before all others in 
Europe. Starting with a cross of the Chinese to secure fattening 
qualities, intelligent selection and subsequent crossing have pro- 
duced at least one good and distinct variety in almost every shire 
in England. These have been transported to the continent of 
Europe as they have been to America, and form the elements of 
every good race they or we have. The Berkshire, Yorkshire, 
Suffolk and Middlesex are most esteemed in France. 



118 

Poultry. — The show was very large, but no description would 
be intelligible without cuts of the birds. 1 observed about thirty 
distinct breeds of chickens, among which the Creve Cceur, La 
Fleche, Houdan, Padua, Bantam, Dorking, Hamburg, Brama- 
Pootra, Black Spanish and some varieties of the Game were most 
conspicuous. 

Dogs. — This to me was the most curious exhibition at Billam 
court. Some twenty odd breeds were represented — all pure and 
distinct, except in cases where it was being attempted to form an 
improved one by crossing. Earely is a mongrel or " cur of low 
degree " found in the old countries. Reared for special service, 
each race is generally preserved without alloy. 

From large packs of hounds, or the immense Danish mastiff, 
down to the six ounce poodle on its silk cushion in glass case, all 
the varieties of hunting, watch, useful and fancy dogs were there. 
Por intelligence, the "artist's companion," the caniche, a sort of 
spaniel, often seen as the "performing dog" in traveling shows, 
seems to excel. The whole collection to me, however, had little 
interest, as, except the terrier and shepherd, civilization could well 
spare them, poodle and all. 

The NINTH GROUP.— This country may congratulate itself 
on having sent as Commissioners, the gentlemen who had the 
cultivated taste and sound judgment to appreciate the wondrous 
wealth of horticultural display, which presented itself at the 
Exposition. The genial and enthusiastic Mr. Wilder, the noted 
practical nurseryman Mr. Barry, and the discriminating pomolo- 
gist, Mr. Thompson, fairly reveled in the delights of the Reserved 
Garden in the Park, of the Experimental Grounds at Billancourt, 
and of their professional visit to the home of the vine at Johan- 
nisberg, where they tasted "nectar fit for the gods" — and they 
return richly laden with the fruits of their observations, to share 
them with their horticultural brethren of the East, West, North 
and South. I might therefore well be excused for entire silence 
in regard to the exhibition in this Group. 

Up to 1867, singularly enough, Horticulturists had never been 
invited to participate in International Exhibitions. In such a 
paradise of horticulture as France, the Industrial Exposition of 
'55 must have seemed strangely deficient in failing to provide for 
a display of the riches of an art that covers the scars of the em- 



119 

pire with a mantle of beauty. As though to make amends for 
past neglect, the programme of the Ninth Group contemplated 
the fullest possible encouragement in every department. The 
response which came in the form of contributions from the horti- 
culturists of France, Holland and Belgium, particularly, and the 
immense satisfaction it afforded to all visitors, testify to the wis- 
dom of the proceeding. 

Like the exhibition of animals, that of plants and cultures was 
divided into fourteen lots, extending through seven months, so 
that the flowering and fruiting seasons of each series was covered. 
More than two thousand entries were made. Of Conifers alone, 
the permanent plantations by different exhibitors, were about 
fifty ; number of specimens some 3,000, and the number 
of species and varieties about 900. There were more than 400 
exhibitors of fruits, a display which came off after I left. Mr. 
Leroy, of Angers, and, in fact, every other nurseryman of note in 
Belgium and France, was said to have taken part. During the 
whole six months of the Exposition the Keserved Garden, with 
its elegantly constructed green-houses, aquariums, cascades, 
streamlets, lakelets, rustic bridges, arbors, pavilions, flower bor- 
ders and gay crowds of promenaders, was more like a fairy-land 
than reality ; and it would seem like downright vandalism to 
coldly attempt a discovery of the means by which such enchant- 
ing effects were realized. With all the immense mass of material 
in limited space nothing was crowded ; with all its art nothing 
could seem more natural ; with all the labor expended one could 
scarcely feel that an effort had been made, so easy, so natural, so 
charming was everything that met the eye of the looker-on. 

Of the TENTH GBOUP, embracing the whole subject of Eclu- 
jation as well as all measures adopted, to improve the moral and 
physical well-being of mankind, I do not propose to speak fur- 
ther than to refer briefly to the contribution from this State. The 
Illinois school-house, constructed by Mr. Lyman Bridges, of Chi- 
cago, at the instance of those who felt the importance of at least 
some pronounced assertion of the obligation of the people of this 
country to our system of free popular education, with its furni- 
ture, apparatus and books contributed by Messrs. Sherwood & 
Andrews of Chicago, was, perhaps, the most entirely plain and 
unpretending structure erected by any nation on Champ de Mars. 



120 

It was, however, accepted by the intelligent people of other na- 
tions in the spirit which sent it there. Its severe simplicity, in 
the midst of such surroundings, inciting inquiry all the more, was 
interpreted truthfully. I can convey no better impression of the 
view taken of it than to quote briefly from the remarks of Mr. H. 
Ferte, late Chief of Primary Instruction in Paris, as published in 
the Manual General of Primary Instruction and translated for 
the Chicago Republican. 

After referring to the statistics of school attendance and the 
sums expended in Illinois for the support of its free schools, and 
mentioning with half-way approval the fact that female teachers 
outnumber the male teachers, he goes on to say : 

" In building up in the Champ de Mars, with the timber and lumber cut in the 
vast forests of the State of Wisconsin, the model of a primary free school, the rep- 
resentatives of the United States have not had, certainly, the mere idea of showing 
how, in the new and small localities, the school-houses are quickly and cheaply 
raised in excellent hygienic condition; they have, in addition, made known 
the first and the most important wheel of the system of universal education, which, 
since the beginning of their independence, has been, and always will be, one of the 
principle causes of their grandeur and prosperity. 

" The free primary school in America is truly the common centre whence have 
sprung up the greater number of the men who have shed luster upon the common- 
wealth. It is there that were formed those energetic nations who have developed, 
in such a prodigious manner, the power of the United States. It is there that were 
blended together the Saxon, French, German, Spanish, Italian and other races which 
people the new world. Each one, on landing on these remote shores, brought his 
own manners, his language, his national spirit, his opinions and tastes. All these 
unevenesses and differences disappear in the new educated generation, to form only 
one great nation — homogeneous in its patriotism, persevering and enlightened in 
the accomplishment of its political and other duties, audacious and powerful in the 
realization of its gigantic purposes and destiny. 

" All these wonderful results are due in a great degree to the primary school, 
where the young generations are moulded, and where they have learned that equal- 
ity and liberty can live together in perfect harmony. 

" It is not then without cause that, instead of one of those magnificent establish- 
ments destined to the uses of a superior education, of the free grammar and high 
school, such as exist in the principal cities of the Union, that the American Gov- 
ernment has preferred to give the model of the inferior rural school, which performs 
its full share in the useful and happy influences we have just described." 

I have thus mentioned, and but little more than mentioned, 
each of the groups into which this last and greatest of all indus- 
trial exhibitions was thrown. During the summer, opportunity 
offered to see something of the practical agriculture of France by 
occasional visits to some of the Imperial farms, which I gladly 
embraced. Those I saw are on lands which, a very few years 



121 

since, were regarded as absolutely exhausted of all fertility. The 
present Emperor, in some instances, had acquired title to them 
during his presidency, which vested in the State on his becom- 
ing Emperor. Some twelve years since M. Tisserand was 
called upon to direct the reclamation of these waste and unculti- 
vated estates on a business basis. Unaided by outside revenues 
to any considerable extent from the beginning, he has gradually 
restored them to fertility and rendered them not only self sustain- 
ing but sources of considerable profit. The farms at LaMotte- 
Beuvron, in Sologne, and near Chalons-sur-Marne, are most 
remarkable examples of practical success under circumstances the 
most discouraging. The latter are situated on the chalk plains of 
the Champagne district, embracing, probably, the battle-ground on 
which Attila was defeated in A. D. 451. Many of the burial 
trenches, in which the hundreds of thousands of the slain were de- 
posited, were plainly to be seen ; and I was shown some fields of 
luzerne (the great ameliorator) on which the mouldering ashes of 
the dead had been recently scattered, with a view to test their fer- 
tilizing properties. The surface of the country in that whole re- 
gion is wonderfully like that of McLean county in this State — 
high and beautifully rolling prairie, with occasional groves of 
Scotch pine which had been planted and managed to live. The 
soil consisted of three or four inches of browned material, under- 
laid with chalky pebbles resting on the solid chalk, so that when 
Mr. T. commenced operations he was met by the comforting as- 
surance from a neighboring oracle that he " could carry all that 
farm would ever produce on the back of an ass."' 

The farms in Sologne were, if possible, still more unpromising. 
With a soil (if it may be called so) impervious, barren of nearly 
every vestige of humus, producing nothing in many places but 
bad herbs and useless grasses, it came to his hands in the most 
uninviting shape. The site of the present model farm of Yin- 
cennes was little better than the foregoing. But Mr. T. has tri- 
umphed overall difficulty and has demonstrated that the old scars 
of the surface may be healed — that past improvidence is not 
equivalent to utter ruin. In the next volume of the Transactions 
of the State Agricultural Society 1 hope to insert many interest- 
ing facts in regard to the processes of culture, of handling do- 
mestic animalsi and especially an abstract of the most admirable 
system of accounts, as practiced in the course of these really 
16 



122 

remarkable and most important experiments. The following 
balance sheet for one of the twenty -four farms will afford a -slight 
view of the book-keeping as well as of the general character of 
the farming pursued on all of them. Having been, originally, 
one of the poorest tracts in tha chalk district of Champagne, the 
success, as a matter of business, is complete : 



IMPERIAL QUARTER, No. 1.— Camp CL&lons, (Marne.) 
EXPENSES— December 31, 18 >5, to January 1, 1867. 



Administration 

Service of the Faems 



fManual labor. 



© 



Purchase of seeds. 



Maintenance of Material 



Maintenance op Animals. 



Animals 



Divers Commodities . 



Proportionate share of the general cost! 
Salaries and indemnities 



Cultivation and harvest 

B irn-yard manure in the heap. 



761 cub. met. manure from the camp. . 

9H k . of sel-gris 

G40 k potassic s l ; s of Starsfurt 

2200 k. potassic salts and super-phos- 
phate of lime 



150 k. forage plnnt seeds. 
1000 k. potatoes 



Equipages— repairs. . 
Store-house utensils. 
Plows, etc.— repairs . 

Hand utensils 

Stable utensils 

Sheep-fold utensils.. 

Dairy utensils 

Threshing machine. . 



Horses— shoeing, harness, etc. 

Cow stabie, s°lt, etc 

Rams- -sheanng, etc 

Sheep-fold— shearing, etc 

Pi<?gery— purchase 

Bell 



Total money expense 

Expenses in kind. 

Eec'd fr. other farms— 36 Earns. 
" " 1 Colt . . 

" " 4 Hens . 



150 k. Vetches . 
10 k. Clo. seed. 



Total general 

Expenses of buildings 



f. o 

46 J 1 48 
86 10 

2791 76 

15 

260 10 

564 '23 



188 03 
55 00 



183 95 
12 40 

106 75 

90 

17 45 

16 

130 55 

112 85 

481 73 
60 (i0 
171 80 
3(14 05 
144 80 
82 95 



F. O. 

2447 62 
8i4t5 54 



4697 53 



3631 69 
243 03 



F. O. 

898 20 

200 00 

5 00 



45 00 
13 00 



5S1 70 



1305 93 



F. O. 

1103 20 
58 00 



85T2 25 



1887 63 



21,354 



1161 20 



22,515 24 
1,234 43 



23,749 67 



123 



RECEIPTS. 



Divees Commodities 


VEGETABLE PBODUOTS. 

9 4')0 k of wheat 


P. 0. 

3077 73 
11.' 25 

4248 00 
192 00 


F. c. 

3195 00 

4440 00 
228 00 

2 90 
161) 10 
196 72 

8 SO 

3 00 
300 00 

71 40 


F. O. 








20,100 k. rye 












IS k. b iriey 
























4,400 beets 

















2,500 fc. buckwheat 








603 k. grass 








ANIMAL PEODTJOTS. 


F. O. 

935 80 

384 52 

179 55 

6 oa 

4724 36 


8014 89 

F. O. 


Cow-hotxge 


F. 

6290 23 

4259 90 

16,832 90 
1S4 24 
35 70 


10 suck.ng calves and 1 skin ...... 












30,400 liters of milk 






12 lettings 




■p 


1155 00 
2035 16 
1069 74 



















3 : 275X k- wool 






9^58 65 

35; ,7 44 

3951 96 

54 85 
































27,602 97 




174 esgs and 10 chic.: ens 












7 31 




Total receipts 






36,225 26 




Receixots in hind. 
Delivered to other firms — 12 calves 


F. O. 

168 15 
600 00 


F. 0. 

768 15 

1728 02 










" 12,964k. of grass.... 
" 10 k. luz^rne seed . . 
" 115 k. winter vetches 
" 850k. of wheat..... 
" 1050 k. of oats 

Delivered to the domain of Sologne, 1 
hay-tedder 




Divees Commodities 


1181 52 

12 oa 

23 00 
280 50 
231 10 


2496 IT 






275 00 




General total 










38;996 43 













RECAPITULATION. 



Total receipts.. 
Total expenses 



Excess of receipts 



38.996f.43c 
22,515 24 

16,481f.l9c 



Certified 



EUGENE TISSERAND. 



124 

I will only add that while a cultivated taste is apparent in the 
arrangement of grounds, structures, etc., there is no attempt to 
make a show at the expense of economy ; and although these 
farms are "imperial" they are, under their present management, 
models which the masses there may imitate. 

The QUESTION OF FOEESTS and of tree-planting, with a 
view to the future demand for timber as well as to climatic effects, 
is as interesting to the people of the prairie conn try of the United 
States as, perhaps, any other. It seemed to me that important 
facts bearing on this subject and amounting, in some sort, to 
demonstration, ought to be obtainable by consulting the experi- 
ence of the old world, which had really passed through all stages 
of transition, from a densely wooded region sparsely popu 
lated to a sparsely wooded region densely populated ; once 
a forest almost without people, it has gradually assumed the con- 
dition of a prairie full of people. 

At the Imperial Forest Tree Nursery,* in Sologne, I had the 
pleasure of observing that branch of horticulture prosecuted in the 
most complete manner, and of examining the permanent planta- 
tions on portions of the farm. During this trip I learned that the 
best minds in Europe were bv no means agreed on even the fun- 
damental principles involved in the question of forests, nor even 
upon the principal facts of European experience. The most re- 
cent publication on this subject, emanating from a source entitled 
to consideration, is a review, in 1866, by Mr. Tisserand, of a 
work by M. Yalles, Chief Engineer of Bridges and Highways, 
Paris, 1865, on the Alienation of Forests. The views expressed 
are diametrically opposed to popular opinion, there as well as 
here, but are well sustained by facts. There is only space in this 
report for a brief statement of the points of the argument. He 
commences by saying : 

" If one could doubt the importance of method in the search after truth, it would 
suffice to demonstrate it to observe on what a flimsy foundation some opinions, 
highly accredited, rest, and with what facility light is made day on certain ques- 
tions when one applies to their study scientific rigor nnd precision. There are cir- 
culating in the world numerous opinions, which are received and transmitted with- 
out examination, which thus acquire the authority of well established truths, and 
which could not, nevertheless, resist the least discussion. 

The main avenue of this nursery has been christened the Avenue of Illinois. 



125 

"Th° question of forests, which has lately excited such lively controversies 
offers us an example of those prejudices which have succeeded not only in taking 
hold of the common mind, but even in dominating the opinions of some savans. To 
every one who reflects, it seems that it must be with forests as with every other 
production of nature; that is to say, their utility varies with the conditions of the 
soil, of the climate, the position of the ground, and their preservation depends on 
the economic surroundings in which they are found placed . Nevertheless, certain 
positive minds, who have asserted the " utility of forests " as a scientific dogma, 
refuse to admit this, and on the faith of their word too many people are disposed to 
believe that the possession of considerable timber is always an advantage to a 
country, whatever may be the nature, the position and the value of the ground it 
may occupy. 

"This country (France) is properly stirred up by all the discussions which have 
taken place. To-day, in order to remove the ciuse for the uneasiness occasioned 
by the presentation of a project for the alienation of forests, that minds may be 
calmed and cool discussion allowe 1. it is proper to replace the question on its true 
ground — that of facts; hypotheses, personal notions, from whatever respectable 
source they may emanate, are valued only as they are foun ded on the principles of 
science and on inconlestible observations. 

" The time is no longer, in fact, when the word of the master is sufficient to 
stamp an idea with the rank of absolute truth. The modern mind, in freeing itself 
from this servitude in regard to the doctrines of the past, has given to the sciences 
a new impulse, and permitted them to attain the elevated regions to which they 
have drawn in their path human industry." 

His main propositions are: 1st — The development of popula- 
tion and wealth in a country is incompatible with a wooded con- 
dition ; hence the clearing of lands fit for cultivation cannot be 
prevented. Witness England, which Caesar called "Horrida 
Sylvis," where public clamor, instigated by necessity, has, in the 
face of acts of Parliament and the efforts of the Admiralty, re- 
duced the wood lands to scarcely 65,000 acres. The prosperity 
of a country is in inverse proportion to the extent of its forests 
and uncultivated tracts. Cultivable lands are more profitable 
in tillage than in forest. 

2d — The presence of forests has no other effect on the salu- 
brity or humidity of the atmosphere, than plants of culture ; that 
trees are composed of the same elements, and practically of the 
same quantity of each per acre, as the cultivated crops would be 
on the same soil. They do not deprive the atmosphere of more 
of the irrespirable gasses, nor do they restore to it more of oxygen 
than the others. Their physiological functions are the same, the 
only difference being that the meadow grasses condense and 
therefore evaporate five or six times more water than trees; and 
to this he refers, as "one cause of the increase of vain which has 



126 

been observed by all meteorologist! since considerable clearings of 
the forests have taken place *' Want of salubrity is not owing to 
the infinites sirnal quantity of carbonic acid gas in the air we 
breathe, but to the presence of subtle miasma engendered by the 
decomposition of animal and vegetable substances, under the in- 
fluence of heat and moisture. That forests oftener injure by pre- 
venting a free circulation of air, thus concentrating infection. 

3d — That a series of authenticated observations, beginning 
with those recorded in the Calendar written by Columella in the 
first century of the present era, comparing it with that of the 
Arab ITarib9G0 years later, with that of Al-Clarkie in 1561, and 
with those of modern times, establishes the fact that Spain, for- 
merly covered with forests and to-day cleared off, has not changed 
in climate perceptibly in 1800 years. 

Elsewhere the same gentleman states that climatic conditions 
have not changed at Strasburg on the Rhine, notwithstanding 
extensive clearings have been made for culture, in 66 years ; the 
mean temperature has not varied the tenth of a degree, and the fall 
of water has rather increased than diminished. The same result 
as regards increase of rain-fall since the clearing of forests has 
been experienced in France. He therefore favors the planting of 
trees for timber only on lands upon which cereals or other crops 
cannot be profitably grown ; but does not of course object to 
planting them for ornament, nor on the margin of streams or 
highways, or to break the direct force of winds, unless in too 
large bodies ; but thinks the proper localities for forests are the 
mountains and the exhausted lands. I hope to present the argu- 
ment entire in the next volume of Transactions. 

And now, if I have succeeded in affording you, gentlemen, an 
idea of the magnitude, the completeness and the importance of the 
Exposition of 1867 in its relations to the interests of mankind; 
and if, in addition, some little information of a special character 
has been imparted, my aim in making this report has been attained. 
Thorough study of all the objects assembled would have been the 
work of more than one life-time diligently and laboriously spent. 

In conclusion, I beg to tender my acknowledgements to the 
members of the former and present Executive Boards for their co- 
operation; to Gov. Oglesby, who entered into the preparatory 
work of exhibition, with an appreciation and hearty good will 
from the commencement ; to Col. James H. Buwen, of Chicago. 



127 

who devoted himself to the interests of the State and country in 
connection with the Exposition, unreservedly from an early day; 
to W. W. Corbett, Esq., of Chicago, for much valuable assistance 
for several months at the Exposition ; to Prof. "Worthen, State 
Geologist; to the other State officers, and to each one of the con- 
tributors to the State collection ; to T. L. Minier, Esq., of Lincoln, 
for his intelligent exertions in collecting and forw arding a con- 
siderable portion of the contribution; to Jonathan Clark, Esq., of 
Chicago, who superintended the erection of the buildings from 
this State on the Park; to the Agricultural and other press, and 
to the Illinois Central and other railroad companies of the State, 
for their many contributions and gratuitous favors. 

I cannot forget the many courtesies extended to me by M.M. 
Tisserand, LeSage, Mille, Marquis d' ilavrincourt, Aureliano, and 
other gentlemen composing the Jury, with whom I served. 

To. Mr. A. D. Hager, the State Geologist of Yermont, I am 
under special obligations for assistance in arranging our scientific 
collection. Yery respectfully and truly, 

JOHN P. EEYNOLDS. 



APPENDIX 1 . 



CATALOGUE OF AWARDS TO THE UNITED STATES. 



CROSS OF CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR. 

1. McCormick, C. H., Chicago, Illinois. See Nos. 11 and 18. 

2. Wood, Walter A., Ho .sick Falls. New York. See Nos. 12 and 29. 

3. Chickering & Son, New York. S e No. 13. 

4. Howe, Eiias, Jr., >-. See No. IT. 

NEW ORDER OF RECOMPENSES, 
For persons, establishments, or localities, which, by organizations or special institutions, have 
d vel ped harmony amouy co-ope razors, tnd produced, in an eminent degree, the material, 
moral and intellectual well-being of the workmen. 

5. Chapin, , Lawrence, Massachusetts;^ Gaand Prize, a gold medal of the value of 1,000 

francs, and 9,(00 francs in gold. 

6. Agricultural Society of Vineiand, New Jersey; an Honorable Mention, unaccompanied by 

a medal, 

FINE ARTS. 

7. Church, F. E., New York city; the artists' medal, with 500 francs in gold. Landscape 

paintings in oil. 

GRAND PRIZES. 

8. Field, Cyrus W., an Anglo-American Transatlantic Telegraph Company; transatlantic 

cable. 

9. United States Sanitary Commission; ambulances, materials, instruments, &c, for the 

relief of the wounded, used in the late war. See, also, Honorable Mention. 

10. Hughs, , New York; printing telegraph. 

11. McCormick, C. H., Chicago, Illinois; reaping machines. To this grand prize, gained in 

the field trials of agricultural machines, was added, by the Emperor, the Cross of Cheva- 
lier of the Legion of Honor. See, also, Nos. 1 and 18. 

GOLD MEDAL, WITH WORK OF ART. 

12. Wood, Walter A., Hoosick Falls, New York ; mowing machines. To this prize, gained in 

th e field trials of agricultural machines, was added, by the Emperor, the Cross of Cheva- 
lie r of the Legion of Honor. See Nos. 2 and 29. 

GOLD MEDALS. 

13. Chickering & Son, New, York and Boston; pianos. To this gold medal was added, by the 

Emperor, the Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. See No. 3. 

14. Corliss Steam Engine Company, Providence, Rhode Island; the Corliss engine. 

15. Fire-arm Manufacturing Industry of the United States; fire-arms. See, also, Nos. 96 and 

123. 

16. Grant Locomotive Works, Patterson, N. J. ; locomotive and tender. 

17. Howe, Elias, jr., " promoter of the sewing machine.' 1 To this gold medal was added, by 

the Emperor, the Cross of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. See No. 4. 

18. McCormick, C. H., Chicago, Illinois; reaping and mowing machines. According to the 

rule of the Imperial Commission this medal is absorbed in No. 11. See, also, No. 1. 

19. Meyer, Victor, Parish <<f Concordia, Louisiana; short staple cotton. 

20. Rodgers, C. B. & Co., Norwich, Connecticut; wood-working machines. 

21. Sellers, William & Co., Philadelphia; machine tools. 
22.. Steinway & Son, New York city; pianos. 

23. Trager, L., Blackhawk Point, Louisiana; short staple cotton. 

24. Walbridge, Wells D., New Y'jrk city ; gold and silver ores from Idaho. 

25. Welch, Patrick, New York city; type-dressing machine. 

26. Wheeler & Wilson, New York city; sewing and button-hole machines. 

27. White, S. S. Philacelphia; artificial teeth and dentists 1 instruments and furniture. 

28. Whitney, J. P., Boston, Massachusetts; silver ores from Colorado. 

29. Wood, Walter A., Hoosick Falls, New York ; reaping and mowing machines. See, also, 

Nos. 2 and 15. 



129 

SILVER MEDALS. 

80. Alabama, State of; short staple cotton. See Honorable Mention. 

31. American Button-hole Company, Philadelphia; sewing and button-hole machines. 

32. Baker, W. & Co., Dorchester, Massachusetts; chocolates. 

33. Barnes, Surgeon General J. K., United States army, Washington; surgical instruments, 

hospital apparatus, etc. 

34. Bement & Dougherty, Philadelphia ; machine tools. 

35. Bergner, Theodore, Philadelphia; co-operator— engineer of Messrs. Sellers & Co. 
30. Bidwell, J. C, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Comstock's rotary spader. 

37. Bigelow, H., Boston, Massachusetts; copper and minerals from Lake Superior. 

38. Blake, Wm. P., San Francisco, California; California minerals. 

39. Bond, William & Son, Boston, Massachusetts ; astronomical clock and chronograph. 

40. Brown, J. R., & Sharpe, Providence, Rhode Island; screw-cu:ting and milling machines. 

41. Burt, E. C, New York city; machine sewed boots and shoes. 

42. California, State of; cereals. , 

43. Cape, Culver & Co., New York city; hams. 

44. Chapin & Wells, Chicago, Illinois; model of a swing bridge. 

45. CHICAGO BOARD OP PUBLIC WORKS, Chicago, Illinois; design of the lake tunnel. 

46. Clark Thread Company, Newark, New Jersey; cotton yarns. 

47. Coilins & Co., Ntw York city ; steel ploughs. 

48. Cool, Ferguson & Co., Glen s Falls, New York; barrel machines. 

49. Cults Patent Fire-arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut; fire-arms. 
5 . Crompton, G., Worcester, Massachusetts; loom for cloths. 

51. CULBERiSON, BLAIR & CO., Chicago, Illinois ; salted meats 

52. Da boll, C. L., New London, Connecticut; fog-signal. 

53. D Aiigny, H. F. Q., co-operator in the organization of the United States section. 

54. Darling, Browne & Sharpe. Bangor, Maine ; steel measures. 

55. Deipit, A., <& Co., New Orleans, Louisiana; snuff. 

56. Dixon J. & Co., Jersey City, New Jersey; plumbago crucibles. 

57. Douglass Axe Manufacturing Company, Boston, Massachusetts; edge tools. 
5a. DUFFIELD, CHARLES, Chicago, Illinois; hams. 

59. Fairbanks, E. & T , & Co., St. Johnsbury, Vermont; scales. See, also, No 127. 

60. Florence sewing Machine company, New York city ; sewing machines. 

61. Fournier, S., New Orie.ns, Louisiana; electric clocks. 

62. Glen Cove Starch Manufacturing Company, New York city; "mazena" and starch: 

63. Gotthiel, Edward, New Orleans, Louisiana; co-operator, services rendered to agriculture in 

Louisiana. 

64. Gregg, Isuac, Philadelphia; brick-making machine. See, also, No. 133. 

65. Gunther, C. G., & Son, New York city; furs. 

66. Hall, J., & Sun, Boston, Massachusetts; buggy. 

67. Howe Machine Company, New Yoik city, sewing machines. 

68. Howe, Dr. S. G., Boston, uas&achusetts; works for the blind. 

69. ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY, Chicago, Illinois ; agricultural products. 

70. ILLINOIS, STATE OF ; collection of minerals. ) 

71. ILLINOIS, STATE OF ; farmer's house. y See, also, No. 148. 

72. ILLINOIS, STATE OF; school-house. J 

73. Jackson, Dr., co-operator; discovery of emery. 

74. Lamb, J . W., Rocnester, New York; knitting machine. 

75. Lawrence, E., Louisiana; sugars. 

76. Mason & Humlin, New York city ; cabinet organs. 

77. Nevada, State of; silver and copper ores. 

78. New York Mills, New York; muslins. 

7t*. Opper, Morris, New York; loom for corsets. 

80. Park Brothers & Co., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; cast steel and edge tools. 

81. Partridge Fork Works, Leominster, Massachusetts; steel hay-forks, rakes, etc. See, also, 

No. 167. 

82. Pease, F. S., Buffalo, New York; petroleum oils. See, also, HonorablegMention. 

83. Perry, J. G., Kingston, Rhode Island ; mowing machine. This prize was gained in tLe 

field trials of agricultural machines. See, also, No. 169. 

84. Pigne, J. B., San Francisco, California; minerals. 

85. Providence Tool Company, Providence Rhode Island; Peabody's patent fire-arms. 

86. Remington. E., & Son, Ilion, New York; fire-arms. 

87. Rutherford, L. M., New York city; astronomical photographs. 

88. Schultz & Warker, New York city; mineral water apparatus. 

89. SCHUTTLER, PETER, Chicago, Illinois ; wagon. 

90. Smith & We.son, Springfield, Massachusetts ; fire-arms and cartridges. 
9L Spencer Repeating itifle Company, Boston, Massachusetts; Spencer rifles. 

92. Taft, J. B., Chester, Massachusetts; emery. 

93. Tieman, G., Philadelphia; surgical instruments. 

94. Totles, R. F., Canastota, New ifork; microscopes. 

95. TucKer. H., & Co., New York city; iron ornaments, imitation of bronze. 

96. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT ; specimens of frame houses for settlers. See, also, 

Nos. 15 and 123. 

97. Wales, William, Fort Lee, New Jersey ; o x ical instruments. 

98. Warclweil, G. I., New York city; stone-quarrying machine. 

99. Washington Mills, Boston, Massachusetts ; woolen fabrics. See, also, Honorable Mention. 
100. Webster Woolen Mills, Webster, Massuchusetts; woolen fabrics, 

lul. Weed Sewing Machine Company, New Yoik city ; tewing machines. 

102. Whitney, B. D., Wmchendon, Massachusetts ; wood working machines. 

103. Windsor Manufacturing Company, Windsor, Vermont; Ball's patent fire-arms. 

104. Wood Brothers, New York city ; phaeton. 

105. Yale & Winn Manufacturing Company, Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts ; Yale locks. 

17 



130 

BRONZE MEDALS. 

106. Abbey, C, & Son?, Philadelphia; dentists' gold foil. 

107. American Lead Pencil Companj-, New York city; lead pen* il's*. 

108. Appleton, D., & Co., New York city; books. 

1< 9. Babcock, J. P.. Boston, Massachusetts; rosin oil. 

110. B 1 imore find Cuba Smeltinp- and Mining Company, Baltim re. M ryland; copp r. 

111. Barlow, Milton, Lexington. Kentucky; planetarium. 

112. Bartram & Fauton Manufacturing Company, D anbury, Connecticut; sewing and button- 

hole machines. 

113. Beer, Sigismund, New York city: stereoscopic views. 

114. Belmont Oil Company. Philadelphia: oils. 

115. Brigham, E. D., Treasmer Portage Lake Smelting Wo;ks, Boston, Massachusetts; Lake 

Superior copper. 

110. Br >wn & Level. New Yoik city: disengaging tackle for boats. 

117. Carpenter, W. S., New York city ; collection of corn. 

118. Carroll, J. W., Lynchburg. Virginia ; smoking tobacco. 

119. Cnmmings, W., & Son, Jersey City, New Jersey; model of a hospital car. 

120. Day, A. G., Seymour, Connecticut; indelible pencils and lead pencilsin Indu-rubber c ises. 

See, also, Honorable Mention. 

121. DEERE & CO., Moline. Illinois; steel ploughs. 

122. Degtner & Weiler, New Yoik city; printing presses. 

1?3. Department of Agriculture. Washington; collection of cereals. See, also, Nos. IS and 9'\. 

124. Diss Debar, J. H., Commissioner of West Virginia, Parkorsburg, We=t Virginia; pet oleum 

oils. 

F5. Douglass Manufacturing Cc mpany, New York city; < dge tools. 

126. Douglass, W. & B., Middletown, Connecticut; pumps.' 

127. Fairbanks. E. & T., & Co., St. Johnsbury, Veimont; ra : l:oad scale. See, al o, No. 59. 

128. Fairchild, L. W., New York city; gold pens and cases. 

Iv9. Germunder, Georpe, New York city; stringed instruments. 

130. Goddard, C. L , New York city; mestizo burring picker. 

131. Go^detough Hoiseshoe Company, New York city; horseshoes. See, also, Ilo.:or.ble 

Mention. 

132. Go( del, D. H.. Antrim. New Hampshire; apple par^r. 

133. Gregg, Isaac, Philadelphia; model of a brick machine. See, also, No. 64. 

134. Hadley Company. Folyoke, Massachusetts; sewi»g cotton. 

135. Harris, D. L. Springfield, Massachusetts; engine lathe. 

136. Haupt, Herman, Philadelphia; tunneling machine. 

Ih7. Herring, F^rral & Sherman. New York city; lire and burglar proof safes. 

1?8. Hoglin& Gnfllin, Dayton, Ohio: tobacco-cutting machine 

139. Hotchkiss, H. G , Lyon, New York ; oils of peppermint, etc. 

140. Hotchkiss, L. £., Phelps, New York; oils of peppermint, etc. 

141. Houghton, H. O., & Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; books. 

14:?. House, Henry A., New York city; co-operator in the establishment of Whee'^r & Wilson . 

143. House. James A., New York city: co-operator establishment of Wheeler & Wilson. 

144. Howe, A. B., New York city; sewing machines. 

145. Howe Scale Company, Brandon, Veimont; scales. 

146. 3J ndsen, E. D.. New York city; artificial limbs. 

147. Humphres, J. C. parish of Rapides, Louisiana; short staple cotton. 

148. ILLINOIS, STATE OF; cereals ! nd flours. See Nos. 70, 71, 72. 

149. Jessup & Moore, Philadelphia; papers. 

150. Johnson, A. J., New York city; Johnson's Family Atlas. 

151. John.- on, B., Louisiana; sugars. 

152. Johnson & Lund, Philadelphia; artificial teeth. 

153. Justice, P. S., Philadelphia; power hammer. 

154. Kansas, State of; collection of cereals. 

155. Lilienthal, C. H., New York city; snuff and tobacco. 

156. Lilienthal, Ch., New Orleans, Louisiana; photographic views. 

157. Louisiana, State of; Portable cottage. 

158. Lyon, J. B. & Co., Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; pressed glass ware. 

159. Merriam. G. & C, Springfield, Massachusetts; Webster's Illustrated Dictionary. 

160. Mission Woolen Mills, San Francisco, California; woolen fabrics. 

161. Moody, S. N., New Orleans, Louisiana; shirts. 

162. Morris, Tasker & Co., Philadelphia; wringing machir-e. 

163. Mumford, Fos'er & Co., Detroit, Michigan; boot trees, lasts, etc. 

164. Murphy's W. F., Sons, Philadelphia; blank books. 

165. Ohio, State of; collection of cereals. 

166. Olmsteid, L. H., Stamford, Connecticut; friction clutch pulley. See, al:30, Hmo:abl3 

Mention. 

167. Partridge Fork Works, Leominster, Massachusetts ; agricultural hand tools. So, also, 

N,. 81. 

168. Pennsylvania, State of; anthracite coal. 

169. Perry. J. G., Kingston. Rhode Island; mowing machine. See, also. No. 83. 

170. Pickering & Davis, New York city; engine governors. 

171. Pratt & Wentwoith, Boston, Massachusetts; heating apparatus. 

172. Randall, JS. H. New York city; mica. 

173. Reidel, G. A., Philadelphia; automatic boiler feeder. 

174. Richards, Richard, Racine, Wisconsin; wool. 

175. Roots, J. B., New York city; steam engine 

170. Roots, P. H. & F. M.. Connersville, Indiana; rotary blower. 

177. Sachse, F., & Sous, Philadelphia; shirts. 

178. Sarrazin, J. R., New Orleans, Louisiana; tobacco. 

179. Schedler, Joseph, Hudson City, New Jertey ; teiieelriai globes 



131 

180. Schrelber, Louis, New York city; brass instruments. 

131. Secombe Mannf sctiiring Company, New York city; ribbon hand 3tamps. 

182. Shaw, C. A., Biddeford, Maine; knitting machine. 

183. Shaw, Philander, Boston, Massachusetts; hot-air engine. 

181. Slater, S., & Son, Webster, Massachusetts; cotton fabrics. 

185. Smith, McPherson & McDonald, New York city; ales and porter. 

186. Southern Cotton-gin Compauy, Brid-e water, Massachusetts; cotton-gin. 

187. Squire, J. J., Nsw London, Connecticut; preserved fruits ani vegeta j;es. 
183. Stursbertr, H., New Tor* city: beaver cloths. 

18'. Sweet, J. E„ Syracuse, New York; composing machine. 

190. Tambcury, A., parish of St. James, Louisiana; tobacco. 

191. Tiffany & Co.. New Yor* city; silver ware. 

192. Townsend, vV. H., New York city; oil-cloths. 

193. Union Button-hole and Embroidery Company, Boston, Massachusetts; button-hole ma 

chine 

194. Van Deusen, J. B., New Yor^ city; model of the yacht Fleetwing. 

195. Warn r. G. P., & Co., New Haven, Connecticut; malieable irou cas lags. 
19(i. Watkins, C. E., San Francisco. California; photographs — landscapes. 

197. Wickersnam Nad Company, Boston, Uassachuse ts; nad-cutiing machine. 

193. Williams, T. C, &Co., Danvdle, Virginia; chewing and smoking lobacuos. 

199. Wisconsin State Agricultural Society ; agricultural products. 

200. Wisconsin, State of; collection of minerals. 

*01. Wisconsic, State of; collection of cereals and flours. 
202. Wright, R. & G. A., Philadelphia; perfumery. 

HONORABLE MENTIONS. 
Alabama; short staple cotton. See No. b0. 
Allen, J., & Son, New York city; artificial teeth. 

American Steam Gauge Company, Bo-ton, Massachusetts; steam g la fas. 
American Wine Company, St Louis, Missouri; sparkling wines. 
Andrews, W. D., & Brother, New York city; oscillating striiim engine. 
Avery, D. D., Petite Anse, Louisiana; rock salt. 
Bacon, S. T., Boston, Massachusetts; cracker machinery. 
Baker, G. R., St. Louis, dough-kneading machine. 
Bates, R., Phil delphia; instruments to cure st lnmering. 
Bed Factory, Huncsviile, Alabama ; cotton fabrics. 

Buena Vista Vmicultural Society, San Francisco, California; sparkling 3oao.n i win -. 
Boiden, Gail, New York city; extract of beef. 
Bottler, Chanes, Cincinnati, Ohio ; spar.ding Catawba wine, 
Broughton & Moore, New YorK city; oders, cocas, etc. 
Bouigeois, E., New Oilcans, Louisiana; tobacco. 

Brandon Kaolin and Paint Company, Brandon, Vermont; specimens of p nuts. 
Bray <fc Hays, Boston, Massachusetts; preserved lobster. 
Brown, D. J., Roxburv, Massachusetts; enameled leather. 
Chipman, G. W., & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; carpet lining. 
Claik Steam and Fire Regulator Company, Hiaw Yjr*. envy; si.eam and fire , - eg ila or. 
Cohn, M., New York city; crinol ne. 
Cozzens, F. S., New York city ; cigars. 
Dart, H. C, & Co., New York city; rotary steam engine. 
Davidson, G., Wasningion ; sextant. 
Davidson, J., St. Bernard parish, Louisiana; sugars. 

Day, A. G., Seymout, Connecticut; artificial India-rubber. See, also, No. 120. 
Duffy, I., Patterson, New Jer.-ey ; design for improvements in irou-ciad vessels. 
Dwight, G., Jr., & Co., Springfield, Massachusetts; steam pump. 
Edson, W., Boston, Massachusetts; hygroueik. 
Elsberg, Dr. Lotus, New Yo.k city; specimens of peat fuel. 
Empire Sewing Machine Company, New York city; sewing machines. 
Fries, Alexander, Cincinnati, Ohio; flavoring extracts 
GLss, Peter Barton, Wisconsin; mosaic tables. 

Goodenough Horseshoe Company, New York city; horseshoes. See, also, No. ICt. 
Gould, I. D., Boston, Massachusetts; mica. 
Herring, S. C, New Yoriicity; Bullaid's hay-tedder. 
Hicks Engine Company, New York city; steam engine. 
Hir8ch, «/., Chicago, Illinois; albumen, glycerine, etc. 
Holiiday, T. & C, New York city, aniline colore 
Howaru, D. B., New York city; ambulance etc. 
Howell, & Brother, Pnil.delpnia; wallpapers, 
Iowa, State of; collection of cereals. 
Jackson, J. H., New York city; minerals and fossils. 
Kaldenburg & Son, New York city; meerschaum pipes. 
Korn, C, New York city; calf-skin leather. 
Lalance <fc Grosjean, New York city ; house-furnishing hardware. 
Linthicum, W. O., New York city; cloth clothing. 
Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio; sparkling wines. 
McCormick, J. J., Meriden, Connecticut; skates. 

Marietta and Gale's Fork Petroleum Company, Marietta, Ohio; petroleum oil. 
Metropolitan Washing Machine Company, New York city ; clothes wringers. 
Metropolitan Washing Machine Company, New York city; washing machine i. 
Minnesota, State of; collection of cereals. 
Moehring, H. G., agent of the Volcanic OU Company of West Virginia, Philadelphia ; volcanic 

lubricating oil. 
Montague & Carlos, New Orleans, Louisiana; black moss for upholsterers. 



132 

Tasker & Co., Philadelphia; pipe-cutting machine. 
New Haven Clock Company, New Haven, Connecticut; clocks. 
Olmstead, L. H., Stamford, Connecticut; machine tools. See, also, No. 166. 
Oneida Community, Oneida, New York; preserved fruits. 
Page, E. W., New York city; oars. 
Paul, J. F., & Co., Boston; specimens of wood. 

Pease, F. 8., Buffalo, New York; pneumatic pump. See, also, No. 82. 
Perrot, T. Morris, Philadelphia; medicine wagon. 

Pleasant Valley Wine Company, Hammondsport, New York; wines and brandy. 
Portland Packing Company, Portland, Maine ; preserved lobster and vegetables. 
Prentice, J., New York city ; cigar machine. 
Pnrrington, G., Jr., New York city; carpet sweeper. 
Robinson, J. A., New York city; Ericsson hot-air engine. 
Sab^tier, G., Plaquemines parish. Louisiana; sugars. 
Selpho, W., & Son, New York city ; artificial limbs. 
Sheldon, Joseph, New Haven, Connecticut; water pressure regulator. 
Smith, R. M., Baltimore, Maryland; petroleum oils. 
Steam Siphon Company, New York city ; steam siphon pump. 
Stephenson, J., New York city; street railway carriage. 
Stockton, Samuel, Philadelphia ; artificial teeth. 
Tallman & Collins, Janesville, Wiscunsin; perfumery. 
Taylor, C. F., New York city; therapeutic apparatus. 
Tilden, Howard, Boston ; sifter, tobacco-cutter, and egg-beater. 
Townsend Brothers, New York city ; preserved fruits and oysters. 
United States Sanitary Commission; camp material. See, also, No. 9. 
Waltmeyer, Jacob, Baltimore, Maryland ; preserved fruits. 
Ward, J., & Co., New York city; clothes wringer. 
Ward, J., & Co., New York city; washing machines. 
Washington Mills, Boston ; shawls. See, also, No. 99. 
Wellmau, C, New York city; saddles. 
Work. M., & Son, Cincinnati, Ohio; sparkling wines. 
Wharton, Joseph, Philadelphia; nickel, cobalt and zinc. 
Willard & Co., New York city; photographic camera tubes and lenses. 
Williams, C. C. New York city; fruits preserved in syrup. 

Williams Silk Manufacturing Company, New York city ; silk twist for sewing machines 
Winslow, J. B., New York city; wood-moulding machine. 

Young, Isaac, commissioner for Kansas, Leavenworth, Kansas ; specimens of wood. 
Zallee, J. C, St. Louis, Missouri; clothing. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE. 

List of officers of the State Agricultural Society for 1363-6 and 1837-S h 

Explanation of Map of the Palace and Park m-v 

Metric System— tables of weights, measures and money y-vii i 

Thermometric Scales— Centigrade, Reamur and Fahrenheit vni 

Repobt : 

Contemplated exhibition by the State . 1 

Original Circular . 2 

Illinois Central Railroad Company, action of 3 

State Collection— of what it consisted, and general character 3-6 

The city of Brest, France— Impressions 6-9 

Brest to Paris— French railway system and travel 9-12 

Economics— character of the country 12-17 

State Collection — its arrival, exhibition and prizes 17-20 

Percentage of prizes awarded to ten leading nations 21 

The Expositions of 1851, 1853, 1855 and 1862 22,23 

Exposition of 1867— organization and classification 23-34 

Palace, description of plan of 35-38 

Park, description of plan of 38-40 

Museum of the History of Labor— classification of epochs , 40-46 

Group 1— Fine arts— prizes awarded, etc 46-48 

Group 2— Musical Instruments, Printing, etc 48 

Group 3 — Furniture, Glass Manufacture, etc 49 

Group 4 — Cotton Manufactures, Cotton Culture, Lace Manufacture, Fire-arms, etc. . . . 49-52 

G roup 5— Ores of gold, silver, iron, coal, etc.— edge-tools, osier willow 52-58 

Fibres, Industrial Cultures, Flax and Silk 58-65 

Hemp , 65 

Wool, Prussian exhibition of— varieties and uses of 65-78 

Angora goat 78 

Tobacco— Tea, Sugar, consumption of 78, 79 

Group 6— Common Arts 80 

Division of Steam Power among the nations 80 

British claims to invention 81-82 

Agricultural Implements and Machinery 82-84 

P rogramme for Trials of Implements 85 

P rogramme for exhibition of animals 85 

Plows 85-88 

Seeders 88-90 

Rollers, Harrows, etc 90 

Mowers and Reapers, trials of 90-93 

Hay-tedders and Rakes 93, 8* 

Farm Wagons 94, 05 

Root and Straw-cutters and Feed Mills 95-97 

Tools — general remarks 97-99 

Inventions, American, character of 99 

Nail Machine, Wickersham's 99, 100 

Safes 101 



PAGE. 

Group 7— "oodin all stages of preparation 101 

Cereals and Mill Products— Wheat 102- 101 

Indian Corn, Prussian and Hungarian exhibition of— insects injurious to — 

Maizena— Oats 104, 105 

Dairy products— Cheese, Butter, etc 105-107 

Wine, diseases of— fermentation, cons umption, etc 107- 110 

Malt Liquors 110, 111 

Group 8— Agricultural establishments, Manures, Farm-steadings, etc 111-113 

American Cottage 113, 114 

Domestic Animals— Horses, Horned Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Poultry, Dogs 114-118 

Group 9— Horticulture 118, 119 

Group 10— American Primary School House 119, 120 

Imperial Farms 120-124 

Forests, the question of 124-126 

Conclusion— Acknowledgments 126, 127 

Appendix— Catalogue of Awards to the United States 128-132 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 
Feontispieoe— Diagram and ground-plan of Palace and Park. 

View of Palace and Park from the Trocadero, facing page 1 

Corliss Engine, " 80 

Wood's? Mowing Machine, " 90 

Perry's Mowing Machine, " 92 

American Cottage, " 113 

American Primary School House, " .119 



ERRATA. 

Page 6, line 14 from bottom, insert "Northern" before "Continental." 

Page 13, line 16 from top, for " Eastern" read " Western." 

Page 70, line 6 from top, for "3" read "4." 

For " LaMotte-Beauvron " read " LaMotte-Beuvron " wherever it occurs. 



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